UP PCS-J key terms

A matter already decided by a competent court cannot be litigated again between the same parties. Section 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure bars a fresh suit on the same cause of action.

A suit is stayed while another suit on the same matter between the same parties is pending before a competent court. Section 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure governs it.

The guilty mental state required for most offences, such as intention, knowledge, or rashness. Without it, an act is generally not criminal except in strict liability offences.

The prohibited physical act or omission that constitutes the outward element of a crime. It must be voluntary and combined with the required mental state.

Causing death by doing an act with intention to cause death, intention to cause bodily injury likely to cause death, or knowledge that the act is likely to cause death, as defined in the penal code.

Culpable homicide falling within the aggravated categories, such as intention to cause death or injury sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. It attracts the highest punishment for homicide.

A partial defence that reduces murder to culpable homicide not amounting to murder when the offender loses self-control due to sudden provocation and the retaliation is proportionate and without premeditation.

The right to use necessary and proportionate force to protect one's body or property, or another person's, from unlawful harm. It is a general exception excluding criminal liability.

An agreement between two or more persons to commit an offence, or to do an unlawful act by unlawful means. The agreement itself is punishable even if the offence is not carried out.

Instigating, conspiring with, or intentionally aiding another person to commit an offence. The abettor can be punished even where the principal offence is not completed in some situations.

A shared design among persons who act together in furtherance of a criminal act. Each participant is liable for the offence as if committed by them alone.

A direction that a person apprehending arrest in a non-bailable offence be released on bail if arrested. It is granted by a Sessions Court or High Court and usually operates for a fixed period.

The release of an accused person from custody, with or without sureties, pending trial or appeal. Courts weigh the seriousness of the offence, flight risk, and tampering with evidence.

A writ commanding the person detaining another to produce the detainee before the court and justify the detention. It protects personal liberty against unlawful or arbitrary custody.

A writ ordering a public authority or inferior court to perform a public duty it has refused or failed to perform. It cannot be issued against a private person or the President.

A writ quashing an order already passed by an inferior court or tribunal that acted without jurisdiction or in violation of natural justice. It is corrective rather than preventive.

Two core procedural rules: no one should be judge in their own cause, and both sides must be heard. Administrative and quasi-judicial decisions violating them are liable to be struck down.

Parliament cannot amend the Constitution so as to destroy its essential features, such as secularism, federalism, or judicial review. It was laid down in Kesavananda Bharati.

The power of courts to examine whether legislative or executive action conforms to the Constitution. It is exercised under Articles 32 and 226 and is part of the basic structure.

The constitutional provision prescribing the procedure for amending the Constitution, including special majorities and, for federal provisions, ratification by half the State Legislatures.

Non-justiciable guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing the State towards social and economic welfare. They are fundamental in governance but cannot be enforced by courts.

Justiciable rights in Part III of the Constitution, such as equality, freedom of speech, and life and personal liberty. They can be enforced through writ petitions in the Supreme Court and High Courts.

A bill dealing only with taxation, borrowing, or the Consolidated Fund, certified as such by the Speaker and introduced only in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot amend it.

A commission set up in 1983 to review Centre-State relations and recommend a better balance of powers. Its report is frequently cited in Indian polity questions.

The seasonal reversal of wind direction bringing heavy rainfall, especially the south-west monsoon from June to September. It dominates Indian agriculture and the economy.

A rapidly rotating storm system over warm tropical oceans with low pressure at the centre and strong winds. In the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea it causes heavy rain and storm surges.

The regular rise and fall of sea level caused mainly by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun. Spring tides occur at new and full moon; neap tides at quarter phases.

A period of increased food-grain output from the late 1960s through high-yielding varieties, irrigation, and fertilisers, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh.

Eleven duties of citizens listed in Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment. They are not directly enforceable but are considered by courts while interpreting laws.

A constitutional body under Article 279A that recommends tax rates and rules for goods and services tax. It is chaired by the Union Finance Minister and includes State Finance Ministers.

दो वर्णों या ध्वनियों के मेल से होने वाला परिवर्तन, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। हिंदी व्याकरण में स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि इसके प्रमुख भेद हैं।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव इसके भेद हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी मूल शब्द से पहले जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है, जैसे 'प्र' + 'हार' = प्रहार। हिंदी में संस्कृत, हिंदी और विदेशी उपसर्ग प्रचलित हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो मूल शब्द के बाद जुड़कर नया शब्द या भाव बनाता है, जैसे 'लड़क' + 'पन' = लड़कपन। कृत् और तद्धित प्रत्यय इसके दो प्रकार हैं।

काव्य की शोभा बढ़ाने वाले तत्व, जिन्हें शब्दालंकार और अर्थालंकार में बाँटा जाता है। अनुप्रास, उपमा, रूपक और उत्प्रेक्षा इसके सामान्य उदाहरण हैं।

काव्य पढ़ने या सुनने से उत्पन्न होने वाला आनंदमय भाव, जिसके श्रृंगार, करुण, वीर आदि नौ भेद माने गए हैं। यह हिंदी साहित्य के सैद्धांतिक प्रश्नों का प्रमुख विषय है।

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from its individual words, such as 'to bite the bullet'. Examiners test recognition and correct contextual use rather than literal translation.

A verb combined with a preposition or adverb to create a new meaning, such as 'put off' meaning postpone. The particle changes the sense, so the base verb alone is not a guide.

A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, such as 'begin' and 'commence'. Near-synonyms often differ in formality or collocation.

A word expressing a meaning opposite to another, such as 'scarcity' and 'abundance'. Some pairs are gradable, while others are absolute opposites with no middle term.