UP PCS-J case studies

Default Bail After a Late Charge-Sheet

On 5 January 2025, the police arrest Ravi in an FIR registered under sections 420, 467, 468 and 471 of the Indian Penal Code; the maximum punishment for the offences is seven years. He is produced before the Magistrate on 6 January, and remand is extended from time to time.

Admissibility of WhatsApp Chats, Audio and CDR

In a trial for cheating under section 420 IPC, the complainant produces three items: printouts of WhatsApp chats with the accused, a pen drive containing an audio recording of a telephone call, and a call detail record (CDR) obtained from the service provider. The complainant downloaded the chats from his own mobile phone and says the phone is available.

Anti-Defection, Speaker's Recognition and Dissolution

A State Legislative Assembly has 120 members: Party A has 70, Party B 40, and 10 are independents. Ten MLAs of Party A write to the Speaker that the party's working president has lost the confidence of the legislature party; they announce a separate group, and a week later join Party B.

Hindi Drafting of a Bail Order: Terminology and Section Reference

Drafting a Breach Clause Without Ambiguity

A law firm is finalising a legal notice for breach of a supply contract. The operative clause reads: 'The supplier shall deliver the goods within 30 days of the receipt of the purchase order and in default the buyer may terminate the contract and claim damages which shall be limited to the value of the goods ordered.' The partner asks whether the clause is ambiguous, whether the 30-day period begins on the date of receipt, and whether the damages cap applies when the buyer terminates.