Punjab PSEB Matric Hindi cheat sheet

PSEB Matric Hindi - Core Syllabus Facts and Rules

• PSEB Class 10 Hindi (compulsory) is assessed on prose (गद्य), poetry (पद्य), grammar (व्याकरण), composition (रचना) and reading comprehension (गद्यांश/पद्यांश); the exact mark split is set by the current board syllabus, so verify it against the latest official curriculum document.

• Standard textbook-based sections include prose lessons, poetry lessons, functional grammar, letter/application writing (पत्र-लेखन), and unseen passage comprehension; answers to textbook questions must be in Hindi unless the question itself asks otherwise.

• संज्ञा (noun) has five kinds: व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक, भाववाचक, समूहवाचक, and द्रव्यवाचक; व्यक्तिवाचक names a particular person/place, जातिवाचक a whole class, भाववाचक a quality or state.

• लिंग: Hindi nouns are पुल्लिंग or स्त्रीलिंग; वचन is एकवचन or बहुवचन; कारक has eight types (कर्ता, कर्म, करण, सम्प्रदान, अपादान, सम्बन्ध, अधिकरण, सम्बोधन), each linked to a विभक्ति चिह्न such as ने, को, से, के लिए, का/की/के, में, हे/अरे.

• काल: वर्तमान, भूत and भविष्यत् are the three main tenses; each has simple (सामान्य), continuous (अपूर्ण/जारी) and perfect (पूर्ण) forms - e.g. करता है, कर रहा है, कर चुका है.

• वाच्य: कर्तृवाच्य (active), कर्मवाच्य (passive, verb agrees with object, e.g. राम द्वारा पत्र लिखा गया), and भाववाच्य (impersonal, used with अकर्मक verbs, e.g. मुझसे चला नहीं जाता).

• अलंकार: अनुप्रास (repetition of a consonant sound), उपमा (comparison with सा/जैसा/सम), रूपक (identification of two things), उत्प्रेक्षा (जनु/मनु/मानो), यमक (same word, different meaning), श्लेष (one word, many meanings).

• रस: नौ रस - शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत; शृंगार has two forms, संयोग and वियोग.

• छंद: मात्राओं पर आधारित छंद include चौपाई (16 मात्रा per चरण), दोहा (13+11 मात्रा), सोरठा (11+13, reverse of दोहा), and रोला; वर्णिक छंद are counted by syllables.