Punjab PSEB Matric Hindi flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा

A noun naming one particular person, place, or thing, such as मोहन, लाहौर, or रावी. It contrasts with जातिवाचक संज्ञा, which names a whole class.

भाववाचक संज्ञा

A noun naming a quality, state, action, or feeling rather than a physical object - for example मिठास, बचपन, सुंदरता. It is often formed from adjectives or verbs.

समूहवाचक संज्ञा

A noun that names a group or collection taken as one unit, such as सेना, भीड़, सभा, or कक्षा. It differs from जातिवाचक because it denotes a whole body, not a single member.

आठ कारक

Hindi grammar recognises eight कारक: कर्ता, कर्म, करण, सम्प्रदान, अपादान, सम्बन्ध, अधिकरण, सम्बोधन. Each is marked by a विभक्ति चिह्न such as ने, को, से, का/की/के, में, or हे.

कर्म कारक

The कारक of the object receiving the action of a transitive verb, usually marked by को - as in राम ने पत्र को पढ़ा. With inanimate objects the चिह्न को is often omitted.

सम्बन्ध कारक

The कारक showing possession or relation, marked by का, की, के - for example राधा की पुस्तक. The form agrees in लिंग, वचन, and कारक with the following noun.

अधिकरण कारक

The कारक of place, time, or occasion, marked by में, पर, or तक - as in बच्चे मैदान में खेल रहे हैं. It answers the question कहाँ or कब.

अपादान कारक

The कारक indicating separation, source, or cause, marked by से - as in पेड़ से पत्ते गिरे. It shows from where or from whom something is separated.

कर्तृवाच्य

The active voice, where the verb agrees with the subject and the subject carries the main action - राम ने पत्र लिखा. The क्रिया form is simple, not compound with जाना.

कर्मवाच्य

The passive voice, where the object becomes the grammatical subject and the verb agrees with it - राम द्वारा पत्र लिखा गया. The original subject takes द्वारा or से.

भाववाच्य

An impersonal construction used mainly with अकर्मक verbs, where neither subject nor object is prominent - मुझसे चला नहीं जाता. The verb stays in the masculine singular form.

अनुप्रास अलंकार

A sound figure in which a consonant is repeated several times in close succession, producing musical effect - for example चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें. The repetition must be of sound, not of meaning.

उपमा अलंकार

A figure of comparison in which one thing is likened to another of a different class, using words like सा, जैसा, सम, or तुल्य - मुख चंद्रमा के समान सुंदर है.

रूपक अलंकार

A figure in which the object of comparison is identified with the thing compared, so the two appear as one - चरण कमल हैं. Words of comparison such as सा or जैसा are absent.

उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार

A figure expressing a doubt or conjecture that one thing may be another, signalled by जनु, मनु, मानो, or जैसे - मानो चाँदनी बरस रही है.

यमक अलंकार

A figure in which the same word is repeated with a different meaning each time - काली घटा का घमंड घटा. The form repeats but the sense changes.

श्लेष अलंकार

A figure in which a single word yields two or more meanings at once, so the phrase carries a double sense - रहिमन पानी राखिए, where पानी means both water and honour.

शृंगार रस

The rasa of love and beauty, of two kinds: संयोग शृंगार (union) and वियोग शृंगार (separation). It is counted first among the nine रस.

करुण रस

The rasa arising from sorrow, pity, or loss, evoked by another's suffering or death. Its स्थायी भाव is शोक, and it is central to many elegiac poems.

वीर रस

The rasa of heroism, courage, and valour, with उत्साह as its स्थायी भाव. It appears in war poetry, patriotic verse, and descriptions of brave deeds.

हास्य रस

The rasa of laughter and mirth, whose स्थायी भाव is हास. It is evoked by absurd situations, witty speech, or comic exaggeration in poetry and prose.

चौपाई छंद

A मात्रिक छंद of four चरण, each containing exactly 16 मात्रा. It is the common narrative metre of Tulsidas's Ramcharitmanas and is recited in a flowing rhythm.

दोहा छंद

A मात्रिक छंद of two lines; the first and third चरण carry 13 मात्रा and the second and fourth carry 11. It is widely used for proverbial and didactic verse.

सोरठा छंद

A मात्रिक छंद of two lines, the exact reverse of दोहा: the first and third चरण have 11 मात्रा, the second and fourth have 13. It often follows a दोहा in a couplet pair.

पत्र-लेखन

Formal Hindi letter writing: औपचारिक पत्र follows a fixed order - प्रेषक का पता, दिनांक, प्राप्तकर्ता का पता, विषय, सम्बोधन, मुख्य भाग, and हस्ताक्षर. अनौपचारिक पत्र uses informal address.

अनुच्छेद-लेखन

Paragraph writing on a given topic: one clear central idea, logically ordered sentences, and a concluding line, all in formal Hindi without bullet points or headings.

मुहावरा

A fixed idiomatic phrase whose meaning is figurative, not literal - आँखों में धूल झोंकना means to deceive. It is used in a sentence and its form does not change.

लोकोक्ति

A complete proverb or saying expressing popular wisdom, such as अंधों में काना राजा. Unlike a मुहावरा it stands as a full sentence and is quoted to support a point.

विलोम शब्द

An antonym - a word with the opposite meaning of another, such as दिन–रात, सुख–दुख, अमृत–विष. The pair must match in grammatical form and register.

पर्यायवाची शब्द

A synonym - a word with a similar meaning to another, such as पानी, जल, नीर, अंबु for water. In usage the words may differ in tone or context.

अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक

The one-word substitution task: replacing a descriptive phrase with a single Hindi word - जो कुछ न जानता हो = अज्ञात, जिसका कोई शत्रु न हो = अजातशत्रु.

गद्यांश-बोध

Unseen prose comprehension: read the passage, identify its main idea, and answer in your own Hindi words. Answers should be short, direct, and drawn only from the passage.