Punjab PSEB Matric Sanskrit flashcards
Punjab PSEB Matric Sanskrit · Build recall with a focused review session.
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- स्वर संधि
- Vowel sandhi: when a vowel-ending sound meets a vowel, they combine into a single vowel, e.g., अ + इ = ए (राम + इन्द्रः = रामेन्द्रः).
- व्यञ्जन संधि
- Consonant sandhi: a consonant-ending sound meets a consonant or vowel and changes, e.g., त् + श = च्छ (सत् + शास्त्रम् = सच्छास्त्रम्).
- विसर्ग संधि
- Visarga sandhi: a final विसर्ग changes before a following sound, e.g., ः + अ = ओ (रामः + अत्र = रामोऽत्र).
- सन्धि विच्छेद
- The reverse of sandhi: splitting a joined word into its original parts, e.g., सूर्योदयः = सूर्य + उदयः.
- अकारान्त पुल्लिङ्ग रूप
- Declension of masculine nouns ending in -अ (like राम): singular/dual/plural forms across eight cases, e.g., प्रथमा: रामः, रामौ, रामाः.
- आकारान्त स्त्रीलिङ्ग रूप
- Declension of feminine nouns ending in -आ (like रमा): singular/dual/plural forms, e.g., प्रथमा: रमा, रमे, रमाः.
- लट् लकार
- Present tense: verbs take endings like -ति, -तः, -न्ति for third person, e.g., पठ् → पठति (he reads).
- तत्पुरुष समास
- A compound where the last member is principal and the first modifies it; the gender follows the last member, e.g., राजपुत्रः = राज्ञः पुत्रः.
- द्वन्द्व समास
- A compound joining two or more words as a pair or group, often connected by च in the split, e.g., रामलक्ष्मणौ = रामः च लक्ष्मणः च.
- बहुव्रीहि समास
- A compound where neither member is principal; it denotes a third entity, e.g., दशरथः (having ten chariots) refers to a person.
- अव्ययीभाव समास
- A compound whose first member is an indeclinable (अव्यय) and which functions as an indeclinable, e.g., यथाशक्ति = शक्तेः अनुसारम्.
- कर्तरि प्रयोग
- Active voice: the subject (कर्ता) is in nominative and the verb agrees with it, e.g., रामः फलं खादति (Rama eats a fruit).
- कर्मणि प्रयोग
- Passive voice: the object (कर्म) becomes nominative and the verb takes आत्मनेपद or परस्मैपद endings, e.g., रामेण फलं खाद्यते.
- भावे प्रयोग
- Impersonal passive: the verb is neuter singular and the agent is in instrumental, e.g., तेन गम्यते (he goes / it is gone by him).
- क्त प्रत्यय
- Past passive participle suffix -त/-क्त added to a root, e.g., कृ → कृत (done), गम् → गत (gone).
- क्त्वा प्रत्यय
- Absolutive suffix -त्वा added to a root to mean 'having done', e.g., कृ → कृत्वा (having done).
- ल्यप् प्रत्यय
- Absolutive suffix -य added to roots with a prefix, e.g., आ + गम् → आगम्य (having come).
- तुमुन् प्रत्यय
- Infinitive suffix -तुम् added to a root to express purpose, e.g., पठ् → पठितुम् (to read).
- करण कारक
- Instrumental case: the means or instrument of an action, marked by -ेन/-या/-भिः, e.g., रामेण (by Rama).
- सम्प्रदान कारक
- Dative case: the recipient of an action, marked by -ाय/-भ्याम्/-भ्यः, e.g., गुरवे (to the teacher).
- अपादान कारक
- Ablative case: the source or point of separation, marked by -ात्/-भ्याम्/-भ्यः, e.g., ग्रामात् (from the village).
- अधिकरण कारक
- Locative case: the place or time of an action, marked by -े/-योः/-षु, e.g., ग्रामे (in the village).
- सम्बोधन
- Vocative case: used to address someone directly, often with हे or भोः, e.g., हे राम! (O Rama!).
- उपसर्ग
- A prefix added to a root that modifies its meaning, e.g., प्र + गम् = प्रगच्छति (goes forward).
- प्रत्यय
- A suffix added to a root or word to form a new word, e.g., कृ + त = कृत.
- स्त्रीलिङ्ग
- Feminine gender: nouns take feminine endings and adjectives agree in gender, number, and case, e.g., सुन्दरी बालिका.
- नपुंसकलिङ्ग
- Neuter gender: nouns and adjectives agree in neuter forms, e.g., फलम् (fruit) is neuter and takes neuter endings.
- पत्र लेखन
- Letter writing: formal letters follow a set format with sender's address, date, salutation (महोदय/महोदये), body, and closing (भवदीय).
- निबन्ध लेखन
- Essay writing: a structured composition with introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion on a given topic, e.g., मम प्रियः खेलः.
- अनुवाद
- Translation: converting a passage from Punjabi or English into Sanskrit while preserving meaning and using correct grammar.
- गद्यांश
- Prose passage: a reading comprehension section where questions are answered based on the given Sanskrit text.
- पद्यांश
- Poetry passage: a verse from the syllabus with questions on meaning, grammar, and theme.