UPMSP High School Persian key terms

An explicit comparison in which one thing is likened to another through a connective word such as مانند or مثل; both the compared subject and the standard of comparison remain clearly stated.

A figure in which a word is used for something other than its literal meaning because of a strong resemblance, with one side of the comparison left implied rather than stated openly.

An expression whose intended meaning is indirect: the literal sense is impossible or inappropriate, so the reader infers the real point from context and convention.

Use of a word in a transferred sense based on a relationship other than resemblance, such as part standing for whole or cause standing for effect.

The basic unit of Persian poetry, consisting of two hemistiches; in classical forms the two halves usually share metre and rhyme scheme.

One half of a verse line, either the first or the second hemistich; two hemistiches together make up a single couplet.

The recurring final sound or syllable at the end of verse lines that binds a poem together; it comes before any repeated refrain word.

A word or short phrase repeated identically immediately after the rhyme at the end of successive verses, giving the poem a refrain-like pattern.

A lyric form of usually five to twelve couplets with a single rhyme and refrain throughout; its theme is commonly love, longing, or mystical devotion.

The opening couplet of a ghazal or qasida, in which both hemistiches carry the rhyme and refrain that the rest of the poem follows.

The closing couplet of a ghazal or qasida, often containing the poet's pen name and a turn from description to personal statement.

The pen name a poet inserts into the closing verse of a poem, usually in a phrase that addresses the poet's own persona.

A long monorhyme ode, typically opening with a lyrical prelude and then moving to praise, elegy, or moral reflection; it shares rhyme with the ghazal but is longer.

A narrative poem in couplets where each pair rhymes independently, allowing long stories and epics without a single sustained rhyme.

A four-line stanza with a specific metre in which lines one, two, and four rhyme, and the third line is usually free; used for compact philosophical or lyrical statements.

The science of poetic metre, describing the patterns of long and short syllables that govern the rhythm of classical Persian verse.

A specific metrical pattern in prosody, made of repeated feet; each classical poem is composed in one chosen metre throughout.

The part of speech expressing an action or state, carrying tense, person, and number; in Persian it usually closes the clause and agrees with the subject.

The verbal noun or infinitive form, ending in ـن in Persian, from which verb stems and many abstract nouns are derived.

A verb stem; the past stem is usually the infinitive minus its ending, while the present stem must be learned and forms the basis of present and imperative verbs.

The past tense category, covering simple past, past continuous, and perfect forms built from the past stem plus personal endings.

The present or imperfective tense category, formed from the present stem with personal endings and used for ongoing or habitual action.

A noun or name word, including proper names, common nouns, and substantives; it can take plural, possessive, and case-like markers.

An adjective or descriptive word that qualifies a noun, usually placed before it in Persian and agreeing only in the sense of describing it.

The linking construction in which a noun is joined to a following noun or adjective by an unstressed -e, expressing possession, description, or relation.

A pronoun; Persian distinguishes separate subject pronouns from attached possessive and object clitics that join to nouns, prepositions, and verbs.

A preposition such as در, از, به, or با that precedes a noun or pronoun and marks its grammatical relation to the rest of the clause.

The glottal-stop letter written as ء, or carried on ا, و, or ی; its correct placement matters for spelling and for reading aloud accurately.

The short vowel marks and other diacritics written above or below letters; they clarify pronunciation and are used in textbooks and poetry anthologies.

A small sign placed over a consonant to show that it is doubled in pronunciation, so the letter is held and counted twice.

The doubling of a final short vowel mark, pronounced as -an, -en, or -on, and appearing mainly in Arabic loanwords used in Persian.

A final ا written in some Arabic loanwords where the sound is long ā but the spelling follows the original Arabic form rather than Persian habit.

The letters ک and گ, which have a distinctive Persian shape and are used to represent sounds that standard Arabic does not possess.

Rendering a text from one language into another; in this exam it means converting Persian passages into Hindi, Urdu, or English while preserving sense and register.

The sense or meaning a word or sentence carries; distinguishing literal meaning from contextual meaning is central to comprehension questions.

A fixed idiom whose overall meaning cannot be worked out by translating its parts separately; it must be learned as a unit.

A synonym: a word with a meaning close to another, though register, intensity, or collocation may still differ between them.

An antonym: a word expressing the opposite of another, useful in vocabulary questions and in checking comprehension of contrast in a passage.

A formal written application requesting something from an authority, following a set layout of address, subject, body, and closing courtesy.

A written letter or communication; exam tasks may require composing one in Persian with proper salutation, body, and subscription.

A respectful submission or petition, often used in letter openings such as بعرض میرساند; it signals polite, formal address to a superior.

A summary that condenses a passage to its main points; comprehension tasks may ask for one in a fixed number of sentences.

A passage or body of text set for reading; questions on it test explicit detail, inference, and the author's purpose.

The title of a prose piece or poem, often hinting at its central theme and useful for predicting content before reading.

A biographical anthology listing poets with samples of their verse; such works are a key source for literary history and biography questions.

The style or manner of a writer or period, recognised by features such as diction, imagery, and sentence structure; questions may ask which style a text shows.

A historical period of literature, such as the early, middle, or late classical era; knowing which poet belongs to which period is commonly tested.

An introduction or preface, whether to a book or to a qasida; it sets context and may be quoted in comprehension questions.