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UPMSP Vocational Textile Design study materials
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UPMSP Vocational Textile Design practice questions

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Question 1Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

In textile terminology, which fibre is classified as a natural cellulosic fibre obtained from the seed of a plant?

  1. Wool
  2. Cotton Correct answer.
  3. Jute
  4. Silk

Explanation

Cotton grows as a protective hair attached to the seeds of the cotton plant, and its chemical composition is almost entirely cellulose. Wool and silk are protein fibres of animal origin, while jute is a bast (stem) fibre rather than a seed fibre.

Question 2Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

A yarn is described as having a high twist multiplier. What effect does this generally have on the finished yarn?

  1. Greater strength and a firmer, leaner hand Correct answer.
  2. Increased elongation with reduced cohesion
  3. Lower strength and a softer, bulkier hand
  4. Higher lustre with no change in strength

Explanation

Up to the optimum level, adding twist increases fibre-to-fibre friction, so the yarn becomes stronger and more compact. The extra spiralling pulls the fibres tightly around the axis, giving a firmer, leaner hand than a low-twist yarn.

Question 3Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which unit is conventionally used to express the linear density of a yarn in the Tex system?

  1. Metres per gram
  2. Grams per 1000 metres Correct answer.
  3. Number of plies per inch
  4. Grams per denier

Explanation

Tex is a direct yarn numbering system defined as the mass in grams of 1000 metres of yarn. Because it is direct, a heavier (thicker) yarn has a higher Tex value, unlike indirect count systems where the number falls as the yarn thickens.

Question 4Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

A cotton yarn is labelled 40s Ne. What does this count tell a textile designer about the yarn?

  1. One kilogram contains 40 kilometres of yarn
  2. It is a 40-ply folded yarn
  3. One pound of it contains 40 hanks of 840 yards Correct answer.
  4. Forty grams of it measure one metre

Explanation

The English cotton count (Ne) is an indirect system: the count equals the number of 840-yard hanks that weigh one pound. A higher Ne therefore means a finer yarn, and 40s Ne is noticeably finer than 20s Ne of the same fibre.

Question 5Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which spinning preparation process removes short fibres and remaining trash to produce a clean, parallel sliver for combed cotton yarn?

  1. Carding
  2. Combing Correct answer.
  3. Winding
  4. Roving

Explanation

Combing passes the fibre mass through fine pins that straighten fibres and reject short fibres (noils) and residual impurities. The result is a more uniform, stronger and smoother combed yarn than a carded yarn of the same count.

Question 6Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

In ring spinning, what is the primary function of the traveller running on the ring?

  1. It removes neps from the fibre supply
  2. It sets the yarn count by measuring length
  3. It drafts the roving to the final count
  4. It inserts twist and controls yarn tension and winding Correct answer.

Explanation

The traveller circulates on the ring and is dragged around by the yarn, so each revolution inserts one turn of twist. Its lag behind the spindle speed also creates the winding action and governs yarn tension during spinning.

Question 7Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which yarn structure is produced by wrapping a filament or staple strand around a core yarn?

  1. Carded yarn
  2. Slub yarn
  3. Folded yarn
  4. Core-spun yarn Correct answer.

Explanation

A core-spun yarn has a central core, often a continuous filament such as elastane or polyester, covered by a sheath of staple fibres. This gives properties such as stretch or strength from the core combined with the handle of the sheath.

Question 8Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

A buyer requires a yarn with very high tensile strength and low moisture regain for industrial sewing thread. Which fibre best meets both requirements?

  1. Cotton
  2. Wool
  3. Viscose rayon
  4. High-tenacity polyester Correct answer.

Explanation

High-tenacity polyester combines strong, oriented molecular chains with a hydrophobic polymer, giving high strength plus low moisture regain. Cotton and viscose are cellulosic and absorb moisture readily, while wool is weaker and highly hygroscopic.

Question 9Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which property of wool is chiefly responsible for its good warmth and resilience in winter fabrics?

  1. Very low elongation at break
  2. High density compared with other fibres
  3. Natural crimp and trapped air in the fibre assembly Correct answer.
  4. Smooth, glass-like surface scales

Explanation

Wool fibres are naturally crimped and tend to bulk, so a woollen fabric traps still air, which is an excellent insulator. The crimp also gives the fibre elastic resilience, so creases recover and the fabric retains loft.

Question 10Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which fibre is a regenerated cellulose fibre produced by dissolving wood pulp and extruding it into a coagulating bath?

  1. Viscose rayon Correct answer.
  2. Nylon 6,6
  3. Glass fibre
  4. Acrylic

Explanation

Viscose rayon is made by converting cellulose pulp into a soluble xanthate, then extruding the solution into an acid bath where it regenerates as filaments. It is therefore a regenerated cellulosic fibre, chemically related to cotton but manufactured.

Question 11Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Two single yarns of 30s Ne cotton count are folded together. What is the resulting count expressed in the conventional folded form?

  1. 2/30s Ne Correct answer.
  2. 30/2s Ne
  3. 60s Ne
  4. 15s Ne

Explanation

The convention for folded yarns states the number of plies first, then the count of each single yarn, so two 30s singles become 2/30s. The count of the individual ply is not added or doubled in the designation, because the label records structure rather than total linear density.

Question 12Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which statement correctly distinguishes a staple yarn from a filament yarn?

  1. Staple yarn is made from short fibres twisted together, while filament yarn uses long continuous strands Correct answer.
  2. Staple yarn uses continuous strands, while filament yarn uses short fibres twisted together
  3. Staple yarn always contains twist, while filament yarn never does
  4. Staple yarn is always natural, while filament yarn is always synthetic

Explanation

Staple fibres are short lengths that must be twisted together to develop cohesion, whereas filament yarns consist of long continuous strands that may be used with little or no twist. These definitions describe fibre length and structure, not the origin of the fibre.

Question 13Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

A fabric development team wants a yarn that stretches and recovers without using bare rubber. Which approach is most appropriate?

  1. Core-spun yarn with an elastane filament core and cotton sheath Correct answer.
  2. Mélange yarn from dyed cotton fibres
  3. Two-fold cotton yarn with high twist
  4. Slub cotton yarn with thick and thin places

Explanation

A core-spun structure places an elastane filament at the centre, where it provides stretch and recovery, and covers it with cotton so the yarn handle and appearance remain natural. This avoids the processing difficulties and feel of bare rubber thread.

Question 14Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which fibre characteristic most directly explains the good absorbency of cotton fabrics?

  1. A smooth, hydrophobic molecular surface
  2. A high proportion of hydroxyl groups in the cellulose chain Correct answer.
  3. The presence of sulphur linkages between chains
  4. A high degree of crystallinity throughout the fibre

Explanation

Cellulose carries many hydroxyl groups, which attract water molecules and allow them to penetrate the amorphous regions of the fibre. This polar chemistry, together with accessible amorphous zones, gives cotton its characteristic moisture regain of about 8.5 percent.

Question 15Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

In yarn manufacturing, what does the term 'draft' mean?

  1. The amount of twist inserted per metre of yarn
  2. The number of fibres in the yarn cross-section
  3. The speed at which the yarn is wound onto the package
  4. The ratio by which a fibre strand is attenuated in the drafting zone Correct answer.

Explanation

Draft is the reduction in linear density as a thick strand is drawn out to a thinner one, usually expressed as the ratio of input to output linear density. Drafting aligns fibres and reduces the mass per unit length so the required yarn count can be reached.

Question 16Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Why is a plied yarn generally more uniform and stronger than a single yarn of the same resultant count?

  1. Plying increases the moisture regain of the component fibres
  2. Ply twist balances the single twist and averages out thick and thin places Correct answer.
  3. Plying removes all short fibres from the yarn
  4. Plying eliminates the need for twist in the component singles

Explanation

Folding two or more singles together averages their irregularities, so thin places are reinforced by the neighbouring ply and the yarn becomes more even. The folding twist is usually applied in the opposite direction to the single twist, which balances the structure and reduces snarling and liveliness.

Question 17Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which natural fibre is a bast fibre recovered from the stem of its plant?

  1. Silk
  2. Cotton
  3. Wool
  4. Flax Correct answer.

Explanation

Flax, the source of linen, is a bast fibre obtained from the stem of the flax plant, where the useful fibres lie in bundles beneath the bark. Bast fibres are long, strong and low in elongation, which suits them to linen fabrics and technical uses.

Question 18Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

A yarn of 20 tex is required. What linear density does this correspond to?

  1. 20 metres per gram
  2. 20 grams per 1000 metres Correct answer.
  3. 20 grams per 9000 metres
  4. 20 grams per metre

Explanation

Tex is defined as the mass in grams of 1000 metres of yarn, so 20 tex means 1000 metres weigh 20 grams. Converting to other systems, 20 tex equals 180 denier and approximately 29.5 Nm.

Question 19Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which spinning system produces yarn by twisting fibres with a high-speed air vortex rather than a mechanical traveller?

  1. Vortex spinning Correct answer.
  2. Rotor spinning
  3. Wool worsted spinning
  4. Ring spinning

Explanation

Vortex spinning uses a rapidly rotating air current in a vortex chamber to wrap fibres around a false-twisted core, producing yarn at high delivery speeds. It differs from rotor spinning, which uses an opening roller and a rotating rotor, and from ring spinning, which uses a traveller.

Question 20Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

A manufacturer needs a yarn with high bulk and warmth at low weight for knitwear. Which fibre and yarn route is most suitable?

  1. Acrylic tow converted into high-bulk yarn by stretch-breaking and heat relaxation Correct answer.
  2. Flax line yarn with low twist
  3. Combed cotton spun on the ring frame at high twist
  4. Continuous filament polyester with no texturing

Explanation

High-bulk acrylic yarn exploits the different shrinkage of oriented and unoriented fibres during relaxation, so the relaxed fibres buckle and create bulk and loft. This gives warmth at low weight, which is why it is widely used in knitwear as a wool substitute.

Question 21Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which statement about moisture regain is correct?

  1. It is the rate at which water vapour passes through a fabric
  2. It is the time taken for a fabric to dry completely
  3. It is the mass of water in a material expressed as a percentage of its oven-dry mass Correct answer.
  4. It is the mass of water expressed as a percentage of the total wet mass

Explanation

Moisture regain is defined on an oven-dry basis: the water present divided by the dry mass of the material, multiplied by 100. Moisture content, by contrast, is expressed on the total wet mass, so the two figures differ for the same sample.

Question 22Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

In a direct yarn numbering system, how does the number change as the yarn becomes finer?

  1. The number decreases Correct answer.
  2. The number depends only on twist
  3. The number increases
  4. The number stays constant

Explanation

Direct systems such as tex and denier express mass per fixed length, so a finer yarn has less mass and therefore a lower number. Indirect systems such as Ne and Nm work the other way, with the number rising as the yarn becomes finer.

Question 23Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

Which fibre is known for high flame resistance and is commonly used in protective clothing because it does not melt or drip?

  1. Polypropylene
  2. Polyester
  3. Aramid Correct answer.
  4. Nylon

Explanation

Aramid fibres such as meta-aramid are inherently flame resistant and char rather than melt, so they are widely used in protective and firefighting garments. Most common thermoplastics soften and can drip when exposed to flame.

Question 24Textile Fibres and Yarn Fundamentals

A sliver is described as having good fibre parallelisation. Which processing stage most improves this property before combing?

  1. Opening and cleaning
  2. Drawing with multiple doublings Correct answer.
  3. Plying
  4. Winding

Explanation

Drawing passes several slivers through roller drafting and combines them, so hooks and misaligned fibres are straightened and the sliver becomes more uniform. Multiple doublings also average out irregularities from earlier stages.

Question 25Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

In woven fabric terminology, what does the term 'ends per inch' (EPI) measure?

  1. The number of intersections in one square inch
  2. The number of warp yarns in one inch of fabric width Correct answer.
  3. The number of weft yarns in one inch of fabric length
  4. The number of picks in one repeat of the weave

Explanation

EPI counts the warp threads, which run lengthwise, across a one-inch width of the cloth. It is a sett measure and is read together with picks per inch (PPI) to describe fabric density.

Question 26Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Which three basic motions must every loom perform to produce a woven fabric?

  1. Warping, sizing and drawing-in
  2. Shedding, picking and beating-up Correct answer.
  3. Knitting, tucking and missing
  4. Carding, drawing and roving

Explanation

Weaving requires separating the warp into a shed, inserting a pick through it, and beating the pick up to the fell. These primary motions repeat cyclically to build the cloth.

Question 27Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

A plain weave fabric is described as having a 1/1 interlacing. What does this mean?

  1. The fabric contains only one warp and one weft yarn
  2. Every pick floats over four warp ends
  3. Each warp end passes over one pick and under the next Correct answer.
  4. Each warp end passes over two picks and under two picks

Explanation

In a 1/1 plain weave the warp alternates over one pick and under one pick on every passage. This produces the maximum number of interlacings and a firm, stable cloth.

Question 28Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Which weft-knitting structure is produced when the needles in a single set all knit on every course, giving a fabric that curls at the edges?

  1. Purl
  2. Single jersey Correct answer.
  3. Rib
  4. Interlock

Explanation

Single jersey uses one set of needles and forms loops all facing the same way on one side, so the fabric curls at the edges. Rib, interlock and purl all use two needle sets or two loop types.

Question 29Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

What is the primary function of sizing applied to warp yarns before weaving?

  1. To increase abrasion resistance and reduce hairiness of the warp Correct answer.
  2. To reduce the twist level of the weft yarn
  3. To increase the luster of the finished fabric
  4. To set the colour of the dyed yarn

Explanation

Size forms a film around the warp that protects it from abrasion and cyclic strain during shedding and beating-up. It also lays projecting fibres, reducing hairiness and end breaks.

Question 30Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Which of the following describes a twill weave?

  1. A smooth surface of maximum interlacing
  2. Loops of yarn projecting from the surface
  3. Long weft floats producing a lustrous face
  4. Diagonal lines formed by staggered warp or weft floats Correct answer.

Explanation

In twill, the points of interlacing advance by a fixed step each pick, so the floats form a continuous diagonal line. The direction and angle of the line depend on the weave plan and yarn sett.

Question 31Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

In a knitted fabric, what is a 'course'?

  1. A vertical column of loops running along the fabric
  2. The space between two adjacent needles
  3. A single needle loop
  4. A horizontal row of loops running across the fabric Correct answer.

Explanation

A course is a horizontal row of intermeshed loops produced by one pass of the yarn carrier across the needle bed. It is the knitting equivalent of a weft pick.

Question 32Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Which yarn property most directly governs the strength and abrasion resistance of a woven fabric?

  1. Yarn colour uniformity
  2. Winding speed during cheese formation
  3. Yarn tenacity and twist level Correct answer.
  4. Package shape on the cone

Explanation

Fabric strength derives largely from the strength of individual yarns and how twist binds the fibres together. Higher tenacity and suitable twist improve resistance to breaking and abrasion.

Question 33Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

A fabric is woven with 60 ends per inch and 60 picks per inch using 40s cotton count in both directions. Which weave would give the firmest, most balanced cloth for this sett?

  1. 5-end satin
  2. Plain weave Correct answer.
  3. 8-end satin
  4. 2/2 matt weave

Explanation

With equal warp and weft sett and count, a plain weave produces the highest interlacing and the firmest balanced structure. Long-float weaves would be too loose at this sett unless the yarn count were changed.

Question 34Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

A 3/1 twill is woven with the warp face uppermost. Which statement correctly describes the face appearance?

  1. Warp and weft floats are equal, giving a balanced surface
  2. The face shows only plain-weave intersections
  3. Warp floats dominate, giving a steep diagonal with a warp-faced surface Correct answer.
  4. Weft floats dominate, giving a weft-faced surface

Explanation

In a 3/1 twill the warp passes over three picks and under one, so warp floats cover most of the face. The result is a warp-faced cloth with a pronounced diagonal.

Question 35Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Why does a rib-knitted fabric stretch more readily across its width than single jersey?

  1. Rib fabric contains more courses per inch than jersey
  2. Rib yarns are always spun with lower twist
  3. Rib knitting uses only one needle bed
  4. Alternating knit and purl wales allow the structure to open laterally Correct answer.

Explanation

Rib alternates face and back wales, so the fabric can open out crosswise under tension and recover when released. Jersey has all loops facing one way and is much less extensible in width.

Question 36Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Which weave would you select to produce a fabric with a smooth, lustrous face and long floats, typically used for linings?

  1. Plain weave
  2. 2/2 hopsack
  3. 5-end warp satin Correct answer.
  4. 1/3 twill

Explanation

Satin weaves use long floats with widely spaced interlacing points, which reflect light and give a lustrous, smooth face. Five-end satin is a classic lining structure.

Question 37Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

A loom produces fabric with a repeating weft stripe. Which mechanism is responsible for inserting the extra picks selectively?

  1. A tappet shedding mechanism with fixed cams
  2. A dobby or Jacquard shedding mechanism controlled by a pattern chain Correct answer.
  3. A drop pin in the weft accumulator
  4. A tension roller in the take-up motion

Explanation

Selective weft insertion requires a shedding system that can follow a pattern, such as a dobby or Jacquard. Tappet looms repeat a fixed cam cycle and cannot vary picks at will.

Question 38Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

What happens to fabric cover when the picks per inch are increased while ends per inch and yarn count remain constant?

  1. Cover remains unchanged because only warp sett matters
  2. Weft cover increases and the fabric becomes more weft-faced Correct answer.
  3. Total cover decreases because the yarns are crowded out
  4. Warp cover increases and the fabric becomes more warp-faced

Explanation

Adding more picks per inch packs more weft into the cloth, raising weft cover and making the weft more prominent. Warp cover is unaffected because the end spacing is unchanged.

Question 39Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Which of these is a warp-knitted structure?

  1. Rib
  2. Purl
  3. Single jersey
  4. Tricot Correct answer.

Explanation

Tricot is produced on a warp-knitting machine where each needle is supplied by its own warp yarn and loops run along the fabric length. Jersey, rib and purl are weft-knitted structures.

Question 40Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

In a plain-weave cotton fabric, the warp crimp is found to be 12% and the weft crimp 4%. What does this indicate about the loom settings?

  1. Weft tension was higher than warp tension during weaving
  2. Warp tension was higher than weft tension during weaving Correct answer.
  3. Both yarns were under identical tension
  4. The fabric has been fully relaxed after finishing

Explanation

Crimp is the waviness taken up by a yarn as it interlaces. A yarn woven under higher tension straightens out and takes less crimp, so lower warp crimp would indicate higher warp tension; here the high warp crimp shows the warp was relatively slack.

Question 41Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Which of the following best explains why a satin weave fabric is more prone to snagging than a plain weave?

  1. Satin fabrics have a higher thread count than plain fabrics
  2. The yarns are always coarser in satin fabrics
  3. Satin weaves use only weft yarns
  4. Long floats on the surface are easily caught and pulled Correct answer.

Explanation

Satin has long floating yarns with few interlacing points, so a sharp object can catch a float and pull it into a snag. Plain weave has short floats and many intersections that resist such pulling.

Question 42Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

A student wants a fabric with good dimensional stability and minimal curling at the cut edges. Which knitted structure should be chosen?

  1. Purl
  2. Half-cardigan
  3. Interlock Correct answer.
  4. Single jersey

Explanation

Interlock uses two needle beds with a staggered arrangement that locks the loops and prevents curling at the edges. It is also dimensionally stable compared with single jersey.

Question 43Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

What is the purpose of the 'drawing-in' operation in warp preparation?

  1. To remove broken ends before weaving
  2. To thread each warp end through the heald eye and reed dent according to the weave plan Correct answer.
  3. To apply size to the warp sheet
  4. To wind the warp onto the weaver's beam under tension

Explanation

Drawing-in threads each end through the correct heald eye and reed dent so that the shedding mechanism will produce the intended weave. An incorrect draw gives a wrong or broken pattern.

Question 44Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

A cloth is described as having a 'warp-way' stripe. What does this mean?

  1. The stripe is formed by a change in yarn count only
  2. The stripe runs across the width in the weft direction
  3. The stripe appears only after washing
  4. The stripe runs along the length of the fabric in the warp direction Correct answer.

Explanation

A warp-way stripe is created by arranging coloured or differently sized ends in the warp, so the stripe runs lengthwise. Weft-way stripes run across the width and are produced by pick changes.

Question 45Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Which combination of weave and yarn would produce a fabric with high air permeability?

  1. Open plain weave with low sett and fine yarns Correct answer.
  2. 2/2 twill with high sett and sized yarns
  3. Plain weave with maximum ends and picks per inch
  4. Tightly woven 8-end satin with coarse yarns

Explanation

Air permeability depends on the openness of the structure: low sett and fine yarns leave larger interstices for air to pass. Tightly set or coarse-yarn fabrics restrict airflow.

Question 46Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

A 2/2 twill is woven at 80 ends per inch and 80 picks per inch with 2/60s cotton. Which statement about the resulting fabric is most accurate?

  1. The fabric will be stiffer than plain weave because of extra interlacing
  2. The fabric will have a matt, smooth face with no diagonal
  3. The fabric will show a balanced plain-weave appearance
  4. The long floats give a softer, more drapable cloth than a plain weave at the same sett Correct answer.

Explanation

Longer floats in a 2/2 twill reduce the number of interlacing points, so the yarns can move more freely and the cloth is softer and more drapable than plain weave at the same sett. The diagonal is still visible on the face.

Question 47Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

In a knitted structure, what is the practical effect of increasing the machine gauge while keeping yarn count constant?

  1. The fabric weight decreases sharply
  2. Loops become tighter and the fabric becomes denser and less extensible Correct answer.
  3. The wale density decreases
  4. Loops become looser and the fabric becomes more open

Explanation

Higher gauge means more needles per inch, so the same yarn is bent into smaller loops. This gives a denser, tighter fabric with lower extensibility and higher cover.

Question 48Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Why is a drop box or weft selector used on some shuttle looms?

  1. To present different weft yarns to the pick for colour or count variation Correct answer.
  2. To increase the speed of the sley
  3. To control the warp tension during shedding
  4. To wind the cloth onto the cloth roller

Explanation

A drop box holds several shuttles or weft packages and presents the required one to the pick, allowing stripes or count changes across the width. It is a patterning device, not a speed or tension control.

Question 49Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

A fabric shows a fine diagonal that reverses direction at regular intervals. Which weave class does this indicate?

  1. Herringbone twill Correct answer.
  2. Rib weave
  3. 5-end satin
  4. Plain weave

Explanation

Herringbone is a twill derivative in which the diagonal direction reverses at intervals, producing a zigzag effect. It is built by combining right-hand and left-hand twill sections in the weave plan.

Question 50Fabric Construction, Weaving and Knitting

Which weave repeat produces the firmest, most compact woven structure with the highest number of interlacing points per unit area?

  1. 2/2 twill
  2. Plain weave Correct answer.
  3. 8-end sateen
  4. 5-end satin

Explanation

Plain weave has every end interlacing with every pick in strict alternation, giving the maximum possible number of intersections per repeat and therefore the tightest, firmest structure. Longer floats in twill and sateen reduce interlacing points and loosen the cloth.