Iran Teacher Employment Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

ZPD (Vygotsky)

The Zone of Proximal Development is the distance between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more knowledgeable other; scaffolding operates inside this zone.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Ages roughly 7 to 11, when children master conservation, reversibility, and classification through hands-on reasoning, but still struggle with abstract hypothetical problems.

Negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will recur; it is not the same as punishment.

Kohlberg's conventional level

The second level of moral reasoning, in which judgments are based on social approval and maintaining law and order rather than on punishment or universal principles.

Formative assessment

Assessment conducted during instruction to gather evidence about learning, provide feedback, and adjust teaching; it is usually low-stakes and not primarily for grading.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

A hierarchy of cognitive objectives ordered as Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create; teachers use it to align verbs and tasks with intended cognitive demand.

Criterion-referenced assessment

An assessment that interprets a student's score against a fixed standard or set of objectives, rather than against the performance of other students in a norm group.

Cooperative learning

An instructional arrangement in which small groups work toward shared goals with positive interdependence and individual accountability, so each member's learning is required for group success.

Behavioral objective

A lesson objective stated with an observable action verb, the conditions of performance, and a criterion for acceptable performance, allowing direct measurement of student achievement.

Gagné's nine events

A sequence for instruction: gain attention, state objectives, recall prior knowledge, present content, guide learning, elicit performance, give feedback, assess, and promote retention and transfer.

5E instructional model

An inquiry lesson cycle with five phases: Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate; commonly used for science lessons that begin with student investigation.

Wait time

The pause of roughly three to five seconds a teacher allows after asking a question and after a student response, which increases participation and depth of answers.

Quadratic discriminant

For ax² + bx + c = 0, the discriminant is b² - 4ac; positive means two real roots, zero means one repeated root, and negative means no real roots.

Geometric sequence sum

For first term a and ratio r (r ≠ 1), the sum of n terms is a(1 - rⁿ)/(1 - r); the nth term is arⁿ⁻¹.

Combination formula

C(n, r) = n! / (r!(n - r)!) gives the number of unordered selections of r items from n; order does not matter, unlike permutations.

Successive percentage change

Two successive changes of a% and b% are not additive; the combined factor is (1 + a/100)(1 + b/100), so 20% off then 10% off equals 28% off.

Ezafe construction

In Persian, an unstressed -e links a noun to a following modifier or possessor, as in ketab-e sabz (the green book) or pedar-e Ali (Ali's father).

Persian direct object marker

The particle 'ra' (را) follows a definite direct object, as in ketab ra khandam (I read the book); it is omitted for indefinite objects.

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh

The Persian national epic, composed around 60,000 couplets by Abolqasem Ferdowsi, narrating Iran's mythical and historical kings and heroes in the motaqareb meter.

Nim-fasele

The Persian half-space, a zero-width separator used between a word and certain suffixes or prefixes, as in ketabha or mikhaham, according to standard orthography.

Madd in tajwid

Elongation of a Quranic vowel sound; madd-e tabi'i lasts two counts, while connected madd before hamza or sukun may extend to four or six counts.

Qalqala letters

The five letters ق ط ب ج د, which when carrying sukun are pronounced with a bouncing echo; the degree of echo is strongest when the letter ends an utterance.

Pillars of Islam

The five obligatory acts: shahada (testimony of faith), salat (prayer), zakat (alms), sawm (fasting in Ramadan), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca for those able).

Sources of Shi'a fiqh

The four principal sources of derived rulings are the Quran, the Sunna of the Prophet and Imams, consensus (ijma'), and reason ('aql), applied through ijtihad.

Asbab al-nuzul

The occasions of revelation: reports explaining the historical circumstances in which particular Quranic verses were revealed, used to clarify their meaning and scope.

Article 110 of Constitution

The constitutional article defining the powers of the Supreme Leader (Rahbar), including command of the armed forces, appointment of senior officials, and declaration of war and peace.

Strait of Hormuz

The narrow waterway linking the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and the open ocean, a strategic oil transit chokepoint bordered by Iran to the north.

Solar Hijri calendar

Iran's official calendar, beginning at Nowruz around 21 March; the first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30, and Esfand has 29 or 30.

Iran education structure

Six years of elementary school, three years of lower secondary, and three years of upper secondary, administered by the Ministry of Education (Amuzesh va Parvaresh).

Fundamental Reform Document

Iran's Sanaad-e Tahavvol-e Bonyadin (1390/2011), a national framework organizing education into six subsystems and six learning domains guiding curriculum and school practice.

Independent variable

In an experiment, the factor deliberately manipulated by the researcher whose effect is measured through the dependent variable, while other conditions are held constant.

PPP framework

A language-teaching sequence of Presentation, Practice, and Production, in which new language is modeled, then practiced in controlled tasks, then used freely by learners.