Administrative law and procedure applicable to surveyors
Scope
Administrative law here means the 処分 a surveyor receives or challenges - 懲戒処分, 筆界特定, 登記官の処分 - and the procedural statutes that govern them.
Core rules
- Effects of an 行政行為: 公定力, 不可争力, 執行力. A defective act is void only where the defect is 重大かつ明白; otherwise merely voidable.
- 行政手続法: 申請に対する処分 needs 審査基準 and 理由の提示; 不利益処分 needs 聴聞 or 弁明の機会 plus reasons.
- 行政不服審査法: 審査請求 within 3 months of learning of the 処分 (one year absolute), closed by 裁決; 再調査請求 is available only where the 処分庁 has one.
- 行政事件訴訟法: 取消訴訟 within 6 months; 原告適格 turns on 法律上の利益; 義務付け訴訟 and 差止め cover refusals and future harm.
- 国家賠償法1条 covers unlawful exercise of public power; 2条 covers defective 公の営造物.
- 土地家屋調査士の懲戒: 戒告, 2年以内の業務停止, 業務の禁止, imposed by 法務大臣 after 聴聞.
Worked example
A surveyor is suspended for one year. Sequence: 審査請求 to the 法務大臣 within 3 months of learning of the 処分; if 棄却, a 取消訴訟 within 6 months of the 裁決. Check 原告適格 (plainly present), whether the 聴聞 was properly convened, and whether reasons were stated - a missing 理由の提示 is a standard ground for 取消し.
Traps
- Mixing the 3-month 審査請求 period with the 6-month 出訴期間.
- Treating 棄却 (on the merits) as 却下 (inadmissible).
- Reaching for 国家賠償 where the proper route is 取消訴訟.