Kazakhstan Driving Theory Test cheat sheet

A driver is any person operating a vehicle, including a learner accompanied by an instructor; the same duties apply to both.

Vehicles are admitted to traffic only if they pass technical inspection within the established period and carry valid compulsory insurance.

Right-hand traffic applies: drivers keep to the right side of the roadway and use the left side only for overtaking or turning.

A road is any strip of land equipped or adapted for vehicle movement, including sidewalks, shoulders and dividing strips.

Priority (right-of-way) means the right to move first; yielding means the driver must not start, continue or resume movement if it forces others to brake or swerve.

A forced stop is cessation of movement for technical failure, cargo hazard, driver or passenger condition - not for parking intent.

Participants in traffic include drivers, passengers and pedestrians; each has defined duties and protections under the rules.

Emergency vehicles with a blue flashing beacon and siren have priority only when the beacon and siren are both active.

Carry and present on demand: driving licence of the correct category, vehicle registration certificate, and compulsory insurance policy.

Present documents to police officers and authorized officials; hand over documents only when a protocol or formal request is made.

Fasten the seat belt before moving and ensure all passengers are belted; children under 12 require a child restraint or belt adaptor.

Do not drive under the influence of alcohol, narcotics or impairing medication; refusal of medical examination carries the same liability as intoxication.

Report an accident to police when there are injured persons or material damage disputes; remain at the scene until authorized officials arrive.

Give way to vehicles with blue or blue-and-red beacons and siren; do not obstruct them and clear the lane when safe.

Provide first aid and call emergency services when involved in or witnessing an accident with casualties.

A driver may not transfer control to a person lacking a licence of the corresponding category or unfit to drive.

Warning signs are triangular with a red border (except a few) and warn of hazards 50–100 m ahead in built-up areas and 150–300 m outside them.

Priority signs include 'Give way' (inverted triangle) and 'Main road'; they define right-of-way at intersections and narrow sections.

Prohibition signs are round with a red border; they impose restrictions (no entry, speed limit, no overtaking) that end at the next intersection unless stated.

Mandatory signs are round and blue; they specify a required direction, minimum speed, or a route reserved for a vehicle type.

Information and service signs are usually rectangular blue or green and indicate routes, facilities or lane purposes.

Supplementary plates (small white rectangles) modify the sign above: distance, time of validity, vehicle category or direction of effect.

'No entry' (red circle with white bar) forbids entry; 'No vehicles' forbids all traffic; 'No parking' vs 'No stopping' differ in permitted duration.

Temporary signs on yellow backgrounds (roadworks) take precedence over permanent signs when they conflict.

A solid white line cannot be crossed; a broken white line may be crossed when safe and when signalling.

Double solid lines forbid crossing from either side; a solid line beside a broken line forbids crossing only from the side of the solid line.

A wide broken line marks the edge of the carriageway; a wide solid line marks the boundary of a parking or shoulder area.

Yellow zigzag or yellow line markings indicate stopping or parking restrictions, including bus stops and pedestrian crossing approaches.

Directional arrows in a lane bind the driver: you must follow the arrow shown for that lane when entering the intersection.

A stop line (solid white transverse line) marks where the vehicle must halt at a 'Give way' or stop sign or traffic signal.

Diagonal hatching bordered by a solid line is a prohibited zone; bordered by a broken line it may be entered only if necessary and safe.

Markings for pedestrian crossings (zebra) require drivers to yield to pedestrians on the crossing and to approach at reduced speed.

Steady red: stop before the stop line or crossing; right turn on red is not permitted unless a green arrow or sign explicitly allows it.

Steady yellow: stop unless stopping would be unsafe because of proximity to the intersection.

Flashing yellow: proceed with caution; uncontrolled intersections and pedestrian crossings require extra care.

Green: proceed if the path is clear; yield to vehicles and pedestrians still finishing their movement when the light changes.

A traffic controller's signals override traffic lights and signs: arm raised = stop for all; arm extended forward = stop on that side.

Traffic controller signals: right arm extended forward = traffic from the chest side stops; side arm horizontal = traffic from that side stops.

A green arrow gives priority in the indicated direction but does not release the driver from yielding to pedestrians and vehicles already in the intersection.

A flashing red signal or a red cross above a lane means the lane is closed; a green arrow above a lane means the lane is open.

At an unregulated intersection of equal roads, yield to traffic approaching from the right (interference on the right rule).

A vehicle on a main road has priority over vehicles emerging from secondary or adjoining roads, regardless of direction.

When turning left, yield to oncoming traffic going straight or turning right; when turning right, yield to pedestrians and cyclists crossing.

Entering a roundabout: yield to vehicles already circulating unless signs or markings indicate otherwise.

A vehicle leaving a parking place, shoulder, yard or adjoining territory must yield to all traffic already on the roadway.

Reversing is prohibited at intersections, pedestrian crossings, railway crossings, bridges and where visibility is under 100 m.

When a tram and a vehicle have equal right-of-way, the tram has priority; yield to a tram approaching from either direction at equal roads.

An obstacle on your side of the road means you yield to oncoming traffic; if the obstacle is on their side, you have priority.

Default limits in built-up areas: 60 km/h; outside built-up areas 90 km/h; motorways 110 km/h unless signs state otherwise.

Towing a trailer: 70 km/h outside built-up areas and 90 km/h on motorways unless lower limits are posted.

The driver must choose a speed allowing a stop within the visible distance and must reduce speed in fog, rain, ice, at night or near crossings.

Minimum following distance: at least half the speedometer value in metres (e.g. 60 km/h → 30 m) in normal conditions.

Stopping is prohibited within 5 m of a pedestrian crossing, at intersections and within 5 m of the edge of the crossed road.

Stopping and parking are prohibited on railway crossings, on bridges, in tunnels and where the vehicle would block visibility of signals.

Parking is prohibited closer than 50 m to a railway crossing and where signs or markings forbid it.

Stopping on the left side of a one-way road is permitted only if signs allow; on two-way roads stopping on the left is generally forbidden.

Overtaking is prohibited at intersections (unless on a main road), on pedestrian crossings, at railway crossings and on bridges and overpasses.

Overtaking is prohibited where visibility is limited (crest of hill, curve) and where a solid line or 'No overtaking' sign applies.

Before overtaking, verify the lane ahead is clear, no vehicle behind is already overtaking, and signal; return to the lane without cutting in.

Passing on the right is generally prohibited; passing a tram is done on the right unless signs or markings indicate otherwise.

Keep as far right as practicable; use the left lane only for overtaking, turning left or when traffic is dense.

Change lanes only after signalling and confirming no vehicle is in the blind spot; yield to traffic already in the lane.

Do not overtake a vehicle stopped at a pedestrian crossing; pass it only after confirming no pedestrian is crossing.

Driving in a lane reserved for route vehicles or cyclists is prohibited unless signs permit entry for turning.

Approach a railway crossing at reduced speed and stop if the barrier is closing, the red light flashes, or a crossing attendant signals stop.

Stopping, parking, reversing and overtaking are prohibited on and within 50 m of a railway crossing.

Before crossing, ensure the track is clear in both directions and that the exit beyond the crossing is free.

If the vehicle stalls on the track, immediately evacuate passengers and move them at least 100 m from the track, then signal an approaching train.

A stop sign or 'STOP' marking before a crossing requires a complete stop regardless of whether a train is visible.

Do not enter a crossing if traffic beyond it would force you to stop on the rails.

Guarded crossings have barriers, lights and bells; unguarded crossings have only signs and require extra caution and a full stop if required.

Crossing a railway track outside a designated crossing is prohibited for vehicles.

On a green light at an intersection, enter only if you can clear it; do not block the intersection when traffic ahead is stopped.

When turning left at a green light, move into the intersection and yield to oncoming traffic; complete the turn when safe.

At an uncontrolled intersection of unequal roads, traffic on the main road has priority; signs and markings determine which road is main.

At a T-junction, vehicles on the through road have priority over vehicles emerging from the terminating road.

On mountain roads, a descending vehicle must yield to an ascending vehicle when passing is difficult; the ascending vehicle has priority.

On steep descents use a lower gear; continuous braking can overheat and fail the brakes.

In tunnels and on bridges, keep headlights on, maintain distance, and do not stop, reverse or turn around.

When entering a motorway, use the acceleration lane and yield to traffic already on the motorway; do not stop at the end of the lane.

Brakes, steering, tyres, lights and wipers must be in working order; driving with a known defect that affects safety is prohibited.

Tyre tread depth must meet the legal minimum; tyres with cuts, bulges or exposed cord are prohibited.

Headlights, tail lights, brake lights, turn signals and reflectors must function; drive with low beam at night and in poor visibility.

A first-aid kit, fire extinguisher, warning triangle and reflective vest are mandatory equipment carried in the vehicle.

Place a warning triangle at least 15 m behind the vehicle in built-up areas and 30 m outside them; further on dangerous sections.

Seat belts and head restraints must be functional; a cracked windscreen in the driver's field of view is a defect.

Do not use a phone while driving unless a hands-free system is used; the driver must keep both hands available for control.

A vehicle with a trailer must have a working coupling, safety chains and lights on the trailer.

At an accident: stop, switch on hazard lights, place the warning triangle, and do not move the vehicle unless it obstructs traffic or injuries require it.

Call emergency services (112) and report location, number of casualties and hazards; give first aid within your competence.

Do not move an injured person unless there is fire, traffic danger or airway obstruction; keep them warm and monitor breathing.

For severe bleeding apply direct pressure with a clean cloth; for suspected spinal injury keep the head and neck aligned.

If the person is not breathing, begin chest compressions at 100–120 per minute and continue until help arrives.

Leaving the scene of an accident with casualties is a criminal offence; failing to report material damage is an administrative offence.

Driving while intoxicated, refusing medical examination, or causing death by negligence carries criminal liability.

Exchange details with the other party: name, licence, insurance policy number, vehicle registration and contact information.

The theory test uses a question bank; questions may include multiple correct answers, and a single error can fail the item.

Traffic rules apply to all road users; pedestrians on a crossing have priority and drivers must yield even if not signposted.

Signals given by a driver (indicators, hand) must be given in advance and must not mislead other road users.

A driver must not create a hazard by sudden braking, accelerating or swerving; smooth control is required.

Emergency stopping on a motorway: move to the shoulder, switch on hazard lights, place the triangle 30 m behind and exit on the safe side.

Alcohol limit: any alcohol in the blood of a driver is an offence; the legal threshold is zero in practice for novice drivers.

When an authorized official (police, traffic controller) gives a command, it overrides signs and signals; obey immediately and safely.

The driver is responsible for the vehicle's condition and for the actions of a learner under their supervision.

Yield to pedestrians on a marked crossing and to pedestrians stepping onto it; approach at a speed allowing a stop.

When turning at an intersection, yield to pedestrians crossing the road you are entering.

Give cyclists at least 1 m clearance in built-up areas and 1.5 m outside them when overtaking.

Do not stop or park on a cycle lane or within 5 m of a pedestrian crossing.

Blind or deaf pedestrians may carry a white cane or a guide dog; give them extra time and do not sound the horn unnecessarily.

Children near schools, playgrounds and buses require reduced speed and readiness to stop.

When a route vehicle (bus, trolleybus) signals departure from a stop, yield and allow it to re-enter the lane.

At night, pedestrians are hard to see; drive so that you can stop within the illuminated distance of your low beam.

Low beam is required at night, in tunnels, in rain, fog and snow, and on roads outside built-up areas during the day.

High beam must be switched to low beam when an oncoming vehicle is within 150 m and when following a vehicle closely.

Hazard lights are used for a forced stop, for a vehicle being towed, and to warn of a hazard ahead.

Turn signals must be given before changing lanes, turning, overtaking, stopping and starting; cancel after the manoeuvre.

Front fog lights are used in fog, heavy rain or snow; rear fog lights only when visibility is under 50 m.

Driving with only parking lights at night is prohibited; parking lights are for standing, not for moving.

A vehicle stopped on an unlit road at night must display parking lights or hazard lights.

Do not use high beam in built-up areas where it dazzles other road users or pedestrians.

A load must be secured so it cannot shift, fall or create noise, dust or a hazard to other road users.

A load projecting more than 1 m behind the vehicle must be marked with a red flag or reflective sign in daylight and a red light at night.

Maximum permitted width is 2.55 m, height 4 m and length 12 m for a single vehicle unless a special permit applies.

Towing a trailer requires a licence of the appropriate category and a trailer that meets lighting and braking requirements.

Passengers must not be carried in a trailer or in a cargo area not equipped for passengers.

The load must not obstruct the driver's view, lights, mirrors, registration plates or the vehicle's stability.

Overloading beyond the permitted axle or gross weight is prohibited and affects braking and steering.

When towing, reduce speed and increase following distance; the combination is longer and stops more slowly.

Park parallel to the kerb on the right side unless signs or markings indicate otherwise; on a one-way road parking on the left is allowed if space permits.

Parking is prohibited within 5 m of a pedestrian crossing, at bus stops (within 15 m), and at intersections within 5 m of the crossed road.

Parking is prohibited where it would block driveways, entrances, fire hydrants or the visibility of signs and signals.

Parking on the left side of a two-way road is prohibited except in built-up areas where signs permit it.

On a descent, turn the front wheels toward the kerb and engage a low gear; on an ascent, turn wheels away from the kerb.

Parking at night on an unlit road requires parking lights or hazard lights to be visible.

Stopping is prohibited on tram tracks, on level crossings, in tunnels and on bridges.

A vehicle may stand for loading or unloading only where signs permit and without obstructing traffic.

Driving with any alcohol in the blood is prohibited; the legal limit is effectively zero for the purpose of liability.

Refusal of a medical examination for intoxication is treated as an admission of intoxication.

Medications that impair attention or reaction time must not be combined with driving; check the leaflet for warnings.

Fatigue reduces reaction time; stop and rest every 2 hours on long journeys and do not drive more than 8–9 hours per day.

Illness or injury that impairs control of the vehicle requires the driver to stop driving.

A driver who feels unwell must stop in a safe place, not continue to the destination.

Narcotics and psychotropic substances are prohibited regardless of prescription when they impair driving.

The driver is responsible for ensuring passengers do not distract them or obstruct their view.

For material damage only, the parties may complete a European-style accident report if no one is injured and both agree on the facts.

Call the police when there are injuries, a dispute about fault, damage to third-party property, or a driver without insurance.

Record the position of vehicles, skid marks, signs and signals, and take photographs before moving the vehicles.

Exchange insurance policy numbers and company names; do not admit fault at the scene.

Notify the insurer within the period stated in the policy; late notification may reduce compensation.

A driver involved in an accident must not leave the scene until authorized officials permit it.

If a vehicle is immobilised on the roadway, switch on hazard lights and place the warning triangle before leaving.

Keep the accident report and any medical certificates for the insurer and for any legal proceedings.

Speeding, running a red light, driving without insurance and using a phone while driving are administrative offences with fines and possible licence points.

Driving while intoxicated or refusing examination is a criminal or serious administrative offence with licence revocation.

Leaving the scene of an accident with casualties is a criminal offence.

Accumulated penalty points can lead to licence suspension; the exact thresholds are set by national law.

Driving without a licence of the correct category is an offence; a learner must be accompanied by a qualified driver.

Failure to comply with a police officer's lawful signal is an offence.

Driving a vehicle with a known technical defect that causes an accident increases liability.

Repeat offences within a set period carry heavier penalties than a first offence.

Motorways are marked by a sign with a white car on a blue background; entry is only via acceleration lanes.

On a motorway, stopping, reversing, turning around and driving on the shoulder are prohibited except in an emergency.

Minimum speed on a motorway is set by signs; vehicles unable to maintain it must not enter.

Keep to the right lane unless overtaking; return to the right lane after overtaking.

If you miss an exit, continue to the next exit; do not reverse or cross the dividing strip.

Breakdown: move to the shoulder, hazard lights on, triangle 30 m behind, passengers behind the barrier.

Following distance at high speed must allow a stop within the visible distance; increase it in rain or at night.

Pedestrians, cyclists, mopeds and slow vehicles are prohibited on motorways.

Approach a pedestrian crossing at a speed allowing a stop; yield to pedestrians on it and to those stepping onto it.

Overtaking at a pedestrian crossing is prohibited; passing a vehicle stopped at a crossing requires caution and confirmation no pedestrian is crossing.

A driver must not enter a crossing if traffic beyond it would force a stop on the crossing.

School zones are marked by warning signs and often by a lower speed limit; reduce speed and watch for children.

A bus stopped at a stop with children requires extra care; children may cross in front of the bus.

At night, crossings are less visible; use low beam and reduce speed near crossings.

A pedestrian who has started crossing has priority even if the signal changes; allow them to finish.

Do not sound the horn at pedestrians on a crossing; it may startle them into unsafe movement.

Priority order: traffic controller > traffic signals > road signs > road markings > general rules.

When a temporary sign conflicts with a permanent sign, the temporary sign prevails.

When a sign conflicts with a marking, the sign prevails unless the marking is temporary (yellow).

A green arrow signal gives priority in the arrow direction but does not override pedestrian priority.

A stop line and a stop sign require a full stop; a 'Give way' sign requires yielding without a mandatory stop if the way is clear.

Supplementary plates modify the sign above and must be read together with it.

A flashing yellow signal means the signals are not working; follow the signs and the general right-of-way rules.

When a police officer's signal conflicts with a green light, obey the officer.

Do not use the horn in built-up areas except to prevent an accident; use lights to warn instead.

Do not splash pedestrians with water or throw objects from the vehicle.

Yield to vehicles with priority signals and do not follow them closely (no drafting).

Anticipate hazards: scan far ahead, check mirrors every 5–8 seconds and cover the brake near crossings.

Do not drive in another driver's blind spot; either pass or drop back.

Leave space when stopping behind another vehicle so you can steer around it if it stalls.

Signal intentions early and check mirrors before any manoeuvre.

Do not retaliate against aggressive drivers; increase distance and avoid eye contact conflicts.

At night, drive so you can stop within the distance illuminated by your low beam.

Switch from high beam to low beam when an oncoming vehicle is within 150 m and when following within 150 m.

In fog, use low beam or fog lights; high beam reflects off the fog and reduces visibility.

In rain, increase following distance and reduce speed; aquaplaning risk rises above 80 km/h with worn tyres.

Use hazard lights only for a forced stop or a hazard, not for driving in rain.

At night, pedestrians and cyclists are hard to see; reduce speed near crossings and bus stops.

Keep the windscreen and lights clean; dirty glass scatters light and reduces visibility.

On unlit roads, use high beam when no other traffic is affected.

Category B covers cars up to 3.5 t and up to 8 passenger seats; a trailer up to 750 kg may be towed.

Category A covers motorcycles; subcategories A1 and A2 restrict engine power and rider age.

Category C covers lorries over 3.5 t; category D covers buses with more than 8 passenger seats.

Category BE allows a trailer over 750 kg with a category B vehicle.

A learner must hold a learner permit, display learner signs and be accompanied by a qualified driver.

The driving licence must be carried and presented on demand; driving outside the entitled category is an offence.

Medical fitness certificates are required for certain categories and must be renewed periodically.

The licence must be exchanged or endorsed when the holder's details change.

A tram has priority over other vehicles at equal roads, regardless of the direction of approach.

Yield to a route vehicle (bus, trolleybus) signalling departure from a stop in built-up areas.

Driving in a lane marked for route vehicles is prohibited unless signs permit entry for turning.

Pass a tram on the right unless signs or markings indicate otherwise; give way to passengers boarding or alighting.

Do not stop or park at bus stops; keep the stop area clear.

When a tram is approaching, do not enter the intersection if you would block the tram tracks.

Route vehicles may have priority signals; do not follow them closely.

At tram stops without a raised platform, yield to passengers crossing to the pavement.

On breakdown, switch on hazard lights, move off the carriageway if possible and place the warning triangle.

In built-up areas place the triangle at least 15 m behind the vehicle; outside built-up areas at least 30 m.

Do not repair the vehicle on the carriageway; move to a safe place or call for assistance.

If a tyre bursts, hold the steering wheel firmly, ease off the accelerator and steer to a safe stop; do not brake hard.

If brakes fail, use engine braking, the handbrake gradually and a safe run-off area.

If the vehicle catches fire, stop, switch off the engine, evacuate and move at least 100 m away.

Call 112 and state the location, vehicle type and hazard.

Passengers should wait behind the barrier, not on the carriageway.

A vehicle must be registered and carry registration plates that are legible and correctly mounted.

Technical inspection must be passed within the established period; the certificate or sticker must be valid.

Compulsory third-party liability insurance must be valid; driving without it is an offence.

The registration certificate must be carried and presented on demand.

A vehicle sold or modified must be re-registered within the period set by law.

A vehicle with a modified structure or engine requires approval and re-inspection.

The driver must keep the vehicle in a condition meeting the technical requirements of the rules.

Failure to pass inspection in time may result in a fine and prohibition from driving the vehicle.

Pedestrians must cross at marked crossings or at intersections where crossings exist; crossing elsewhere is permitted only if no crossing is within sight.

Pedestrians must not step onto the carriageway without confirming it is safe and that drivers can see them.

At a signalised crossing, pedestrians obey the pedestrian signal; a red pedestrian signal means do not start crossing.

Pedestrians must not linger on the carriageway or stop without cause.

At night, pedestrians outside built-up areas should carry a reflective item.

Pedestrians must not cross in front of a stopped tram without confirming the far track is clear.

Drivers must yield to pedestrians on a crossing even if the pedestrian is at fault in entering it.

Pedestrians must not climb over barriers or cross at places where signs forbid it.

In built-up areas the default limit is 60 km/h; signs may lower it near schools, crossings and roadworks.

Outside built-up areas the default limit is 90 km/h; on motorways 110 km/h unless signs state otherwise.

When towing a trailer, the limit is 70 km/h outside built-up areas and 90 km/h on motorways.

In poor visibility (fog, rain, snow) the driver must reduce speed to allow a stop within the visible distance.

Near pedestrian crossings, schools and bus stops, reduce speed and be ready to stop.

On mountain roads and steep descents, use a lower gear and reduce speed.

A 'minimum speed' sign sets a lower bound; driving slower than it is an offence.

Speed limits apply from the sign to the next intersection or to the sign that cancels them.

Change lanes only after signalling and checking mirrors and the blind spot; yield to traffic already in the lane.

Turn left from the leftmost lane and right from the rightmost lane unless signs or markings indicate otherwise.

Before turning, check for pedestrians and cyclists crossing the road you are entering.

Do not straddle lanes; keep the vehicle within one lane.

On a road with a dedicated turning lane, enter it early and follow the arrow.

When turning at an intersection, do not cut the corner; keep to your side of the centre line.

A U-turn is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, railway crossings, bridges and where visibility is under 100 m.

When two vehicles turn into the same road, the one on the right has priority if the manoeuvre would otherwise conflict.

A green arrow in a section of the signal gives priority in the arrow direction; other directions remain governed by their signals.

A red cross above a lane means the lane is closed; a green arrow above a lane means the lane is open.

A flashing yellow signal means the signals are not working; follow signs and general right-of-way rules.

A yellow signal after green means stop unless stopping would be unsafe.

A red signal with a green arrow for a turn allows the turn while yielding to other traffic.

Reversible lanes are marked by signals above the lane; obey the signal, not the lane position.

A signal showing a red pedestrian figure means pedestrians must not cross.

A signal showing a green pedestrian figure means pedestrians may cross; turning vehicles must yield to them.

Overtaking is prohibited at intersections (except on a main road), on pedestrian crossings, at railway crossings and on bridges.

Overtaking is prohibited where visibility is limited (hill crest, curve) and where a solid line or 'No overtaking' sign applies.

Before overtaking, check that no vehicle behind is already overtaking and that the lane ahead is clear.

Signal, accelerate, pass, and return to the lane without cutting in front of the overtaken vehicle.

Do not overtake a vehicle stopped at a pedestrian crossing; pass it only after confirming no pedestrian is crossing.

Pass a tram on the right unless signs or markings indicate otherwise.

Overtaking a vehicle with priority signals (blue beacon and siren) is prohibited while it is on a mission.

In poor visibility or at night, overtake only when you can see far enough to complete the manoeuvre safely.

At an unregulated intersection of equal roads, yield to traffic approaching from the right.

At an intersection of unequal roads, traffic on the main road has priority; signs and markings determine which is main.

At a T-junction, vehicles on the through road have priority over vehicles emerging from the terminating road.

When turning left, yield to oncoming traffic going straight or turning right.

Do not enter an intersection if traffic ahead would force you to stop on it.

At a roundabout, yield to vehicles already circulating unless signs indicate otherwise.

A green light does not release you from yielding to vehicles and pedestrians still in the intersection.

When a traffic controller is present, obey the controller's signals over signs and lights.

Steady red: stop before the stop line; no turn on red unless a green arrow or sign allows it.

Steady yellow: stop unless stopping would be unsafe because of proximity to the intersection.

Flashing yellow: proceed with caution; signals are not working normally.

Green: proceed if the path is clear and yield to vehicles and pedestrians finishing their movement.

A green arrow gives priority in the arrow direction but does not release you from yielding to pedestrians.

A red cross above a lane means the lane is closed; a green arrow above a lane means it is open.

A pedestrian red figure means do not start crossing; a green figure means you may cross.

A signal with a red light and a green arrow for a turn allows the turn while yielding to other traffic.

Default limits: 60 km/h in built-up areas, 90 km/h outside, 110 km/h on motorways unless signs state otherwise.

Towing a trailer: 70 km/h outside built-up areas and 90 km/h on motorways.

Following distance should be at least half the speedometer value in metres in normal conditions.

In rain, fog, ice or at night, increase the following distance and reduce speed.

The driver must be able to stop within the visible distance; this is the overriding rule in poor visibility.

Near crossings, schools and bus stops, reduce speed and be ready to stop.

A minimum speed sign sets a lower bound; driving slower than it is an offence.

Speed limits apply from the sign to the next intersection or to the sign that cancels them.

Stopping is prohibited within 5 m of a pedestrian crossing, at intersections and within 5 m of the edge of the crossed road.

Stopping and parking are prohibited on railway crossings, on bridges, in tunnels and where the vehicle would block visibility of signals.

Parking is prohibited closer than 50 m to a railway crossing and where signs or markings forbid it.

Parking is prohibited at bus stops (within 15 m) and where it would block driveways or entrances.

Stopping on tram tracks is prohibited; do not block the tracks.

On a descent, turn the front wheels toward the kerb; on an ascent, turn them away from the kerb.

Parking at night on an unlit road requires parking lights or hazard lights.

A vehicle may stand for loading or unloading only where signs permit and without obstructing traffic.

A first-aid kit, fire extinguisher, warning triangle and reflective vest are mandatory equipment.

Place the warning triangle at least 15 m behind the vehicle in built-up areas and 30 m outside them.

Brakes, steering, tyres, lights and wipers must be in working order; driving with a known safety defect is prohibited.

Tyre tread depth must meet the legal minimum; tyres with cuts, bulges or exposed cord are prohibited.

Headlights, tail lights, brake lights, turn signals and reflectors must function.

Seat belts and head restraints must be functional; a cracked windscreen in the driver's field of view is a defect.

A vehicle with a trailer must have a working coupling, safety chains and lights on the trailer.

Do not use a phone while driving unless a hands-free system is used.

At an accident: stop, switch on hazard lights, place the warning triangle and do not move the vehicle unless necessary.

Call 112 and report location, number of casualties and hazards; give first aid within your competence.

Do not move an injured person unless there is fire, traffic danger or airway obstruction.

For severe bleeding apply direct pressure with a clean cloth; for suspected spinal injury keep the head and neck aligned.

If the person is not breathing, begin chest compressions at 100–120 per minute and continue until help arrives.

Leaving the scene of an accident with casualties is a criminal offence.

Exchange details with the other party: name, licence, insurance policy number, vehicle registration and contact information.

Keep the accident report and any medical certificates for the insurer and for any legal proceedings.

Speeding, running a red light, driving without insurance and using a phone while driving are administrative offences with fines and possible licence points.

Driving while intoxicated or refusing examination is a criminal or serious administrative offence with licence revocation.

Leaving the scene of an accident with casualties is a criminal offence.

Accumulated penalty points can lead to licence suspension; the exact thresholds are set by national law.

Driving without a licence of the correct category is an offence.

Failure to comply with a police officer's lawful signal is an offence.

Driving a vehicle with a known technical defect that causes an accident increases liability.

Repeat offences within a set period carry heavier penalties than a first offence.

Yield to pedestrians on a marked crossing and to pedestrians stepping onto it; approach at a speed allowing a stop.

When turning at an intersection, yield to pedestrians crossing the road you are entering.

Give cyclists at least 1 m clearance in built-up areas and 1.5 m outside them when overtaking.

Do not stop or park on a cycle lane or within 5 m of a pedestrian crossing.

Blind or deaf pedestrians may carry a white cane or a guide dog; give them extra time.

Children near schools, playgrounds and buses require reduced speed and readiness to stop.

When a route vehicle signals departure from a stop, yield and allow it to re-enter the lane.

At night, drive so that you can stop within the illuminated distance of your low beam.

Low beam is required at night, in tunnels, in rain, fog and snow, and on roads outside built-up areas during the day.

High beam must be switched to low beam when an oncoming vehicle is within 150 m and when following within 150 m.

Hazard lights are used for a forced stop, for a vehicle being towed and to warn of a hazard ahead.

Turn signals must be given before changing lanes, turning, overtaking, stopping and starting.

Front fog lights are used in fog, heavy rain or snow; rear fog lights only when visibility is under 50 m.

Driving with only parking lights at night is prohibited; parking lights are for standing, not for moving.

A vehicle stopped on an unlit road at night must display parking lights or hazard lights.

Do not use high beam in built-up areas where it dazzles other road users or pedestrians.

A load must be secured so it cannot shift, fall or create noise, dust or a hazard to other road users.

A load projecting more than 1 m behind the vehicle must be marked with a red flag or reflective sign in daylight and a red light at night.

Maximum permitted width is 2.55 m, height 4 m and length 12 m for a single vehicle unless a special permit applies.

Towing a trailer requires a licence of the appropriate category and a trailer that meets lighting and braking requirements.

Passengers must not be carried in a trailer or in a cargo area not equipped for passengers.

The load must not obstruct the driver's view, lights, mirrors, registration plates or the vehicle's stability.

Overloading beyond the permitted axle or gross weight is prohibited and affects braking and steering.

When towing, reduce speed and increase following distance.

Driving with any alcohol in the blood is prohibited; the legal limit is effectively zero for liability purposes.

Refusal of a medical examination for intoxication is treated as an admission of intoxication.

Medications that impair attention or reaction time must not be combined with driving.

Fatigue reduces reaction time; stop and rest every 2 hours on long journeys.

Illness or injury that impairs control of the vehicle requires the driver to stop driving.

A driver who feels unwell must stop in a safe place, not continue to the destination.

Narcotics and psychotropic substances are prohibited regardless of prescription when they impair driving.

The driver is responsible for ensuring passengers do not distract them or obstruct their view.

For material damage only, the parties may complete a European-style accident report if no one is injured and both agree on the facts.

Call the police when there are injuries, a dispute about fault, damage to third-party property, or a driver without insurance.

Record the position of vehicles, skid marks, signs and signals, and take photographs before moving the vehicles.

Exchange insurance policy numbers and company names; do not admit fault at the scene.

Notify the insurer within the period stated in the policy; late notification may reduce compensation.

A driver involved in an accident must not leave the scene until authorized officials permit it.

If a vehicle is immobilised on the roadway, switch on hazard lights and place the warning triangle before leaving.

Keep the accident report and any medical certificates for the insurer and for any legal proceedings.

Motorways are marked by a sign with a white car on a blue background; entry is only via acceleration lanes.

On a motorway, stopping, reversing, turning around and driving on the shoulder are prohibited except in an emergency.

Minimum speed on a motorway is set by signs; vehicles unable to maintain it must not enter.

Keep to the right lane unless overtaking; return to the right lane after overtaking.

If you miss an exit, continue to the next exit; do not reverse or cross the dividing strip.

Breakdown: move to the shoulder, hazard lights on, triangle 30 m behind, passengers behind the barrier.

Following distance at high speed must allow a stop within the visible distance; increase it in rain or at night.

Pedestrians, cyclists, mopeds and slow vehicles are prohibited on motorways.

Approach a pedestrian crossing at a speed allowing a stop; yield to pedestrians on it and to those stepping onto it.

Overtaking at a pedestrian crossing is prohibited; passing a vehicle stopped at a crossing requires caution.

A driver must not enter a crossing if traffic beyond it would force a stop on the crossing.

School zones are marked by warning signs and often by a lower speed limit; reduce speed and watch for children.

A bus stopped at a stop with children requires extra care; children may cross in front of the bus.

At night, crossings are less visible; use low beam and reduce speed near crossings.

A pedestrian who has started crossing has priority even if the signal changes.

Do not sound the horn at pedestrians on a crossing; it may startle them into unsafe movement.

Priority order: traffic controller > traffic signals > road signs > road markings > general rules.

When a temporary sign conflicts with a permanent sign, the temporary sign prevails.

When a sign conflicts with a marking, the sign prevails unless the marking is temporary (yellow).

A green arrow signal gives priority in the arrow direction but does not override pedestrian priority.

A stop line and a stop sign require a full stop; a 'Give way' sign requires yielding without a mandatory stop if the way is clear.

Supplementary plates modify the sign above and must be read together with it.

A flashing yellow signal means the signals are not working; follow the signs and the general right-of-way rules.

When a police officer's signal conflicts with a green light, obey the officer.

Do not use the horn in built-up areas except to prevent an accident; use lights to warn instead.

Do not splash pedestrians with water or throw objects from the vehicle.

Yield to vehicles with priority signals and do not follow them closely (no drafting).

Anticipate hazards: scan far ahead, check mirrors every 5–8 seconds and cover the brake near crossings.

Do not drive in another driver's blind spot; either pass or drop back.

Leave space when stopping behind another vehicle so you can steer around it if it stalls.

Signal intentions early and check mirrors before any manoeuvre.

Do not retaliate against aggressive drivers; increase distance and avoid eye contact conflicts.

At night, drive so you can stop within the distance illuminated by your low beam.

Switch from high beam to low beam when an oncoming vehicle is within 150 m and when following within 150 m.

In fog, use low beam or fog lights; high beam reflects off the fog and reduces visibility.

In rain, increase following distance and reduce speed; aquaplaning risk rises above 80 km/h with worn tyres.

Use hazard lights only for a forced stop or a hazard, not for driving in rain.

At night, pedestrians and cyclists are hard to see; reduce speed near crossings and bus stops.

Keep the windscreen and lights clean; dirty glass scatters light and reduces visibility.

On unlit roads, use high beam when no other traffic is affected.

Category B covers cars up to 3.5 t and up to 8 passenger seats; a trailer up to 750 kg may be towed.

Category A covers motorcycles; subcategories A1 and A2 restrict engine power and rider age.

Category C covers lorries over 3.5 t; category D covers buses with more than 8 passenger seats.

Category BE allows a trailer over 750 kg with a category B vehicle.

A learner must hold a learner permit, display learner signs and be accompanied by a qualified driver.

The driving licence must be carried and presented on demand; driving outside the entitled category is an offence.

Medical fitness certificates are required for certain categories and must be renewed periodically.

The licence must be exchanged or endorsed when the holder's details change.

A tram has priority over other vehicles at equal roads, regardless of the direction of approach.

Yield to a route vehicle (bus, trolleybus) signalling departure from a stop in built-up areas.

Driving in a lane marked for route vehicles is prohibited unless signs permit entry for turning.

Pass a tram on the right unless signs or markings indicate otherwise; give way to passengers boarding or alighting.

Do not stop or park at bus stops; keep the stop area clear.

When a tram is approaching, do not enter the intersection if you would block the tram tracks.

Route vehicles may have priority signals; do not follow them closely.

At tram stops without a raised platform, yield to passengers crossing to the pavement.

On breakdown, switch on hazard lights, move off the carriageway if possible and place the warning triangle.

In built-up areas place the triangle at least 15 m behind the vehicle; outside built-up areas at least 30 m.

Do not repair the vehicle on the carriageway; move to a safe place or call for assistance.

If a tyre bursts, hold the steering wheel firmly, ease off the accelerator and steer to a safe stop.

If brakes fail, use engine braking, the handbrake gradually and a safe run-off area.

If the vehicle catches fire, stop, switch off the engine, evacuate and move at least 100 m away.

Call 112 and state the location, vehicle type and hazard.

Passengers should wait behind the barrier, not on the carriageway.

A vehicle must be registered and carry registration plates that are legible and correctly mounted.

Technical inspection must be passed within the established period; the certificate or sticker must be valid.

Compulsory third-party liability insurance must be valid; driving without it is an offence.

The registration certificate must be carried and presented on demand.

A vehicle sold or modified must be re-registered within the period set by law.

A vehicle with a modified structure or engine requires approval and re-inspection.

The driver must keep the vehicle in a condition meeting the technical requirements of the rules.

Failure to pass inspection in time may result in a fine and prohibition from driving the vehicle.

Pedestrians must cross at marked crossings or at intersections where crossings exist; crossing elsewhere is permitted only if no crossing is within sight.

Pedestrians must not step onto the carriageway without confirming it is safe.

At a signalised crossing, pedestrians obey the pedestrian signal; a red pedestrian signal means do not start crossing.

Pedestrians must not linger on the carriageway or stop without cause.

At night, pedestrians outside built-up areas should carry a reflective item.

Pedestrians must not cross in front of a stopped tram without confirming the far track is clear.

Drivers must yield to pedestrians on a crossing even if the pedestrian is at fault in entering it.

Pedestrians must not climb over barriers or cross at places where signs forbid it.

In built-up areas the default limit is 60 km/h; signs may lower it near schools, crossings and roadworks.

Outside built-up areas the default limit is 90 km/h; on motorways 110 km/h unless signs state otherwise.

When towing a trailer, the limit is 70 km/h outside built-up areas and 90 km/h on motorways.

In poor visibility (fog, rain, snow) the driver must reduce speed to allow a stop within the visible distance.

Near pedestrian crossings, schools and bus stops, reduce speed and be ready to stop.

On mountain roads and steep descents, use a lower gear and reduce speed.

A 'minimum speed' sign sets a lower bound; driving slower than it is an offence.

Speed limits apply from the sign to the next intersection or to the sign that cancels them.

Change lanes only after signalling and checking mirrors and the blind spot; yield to traffic already in the lane.

Turn left from the leftmost lane and right from the rightmost lane unless signs or markings indicate otherwise.

Before turning, check for pedestrians and cyclists crossing the road you are entering.

Do not straddle lanes; keep the vehicle within one lane.

On a road with a dedicated turning lane, enter it early and follow the arrow.

When turning at an intersection, do not cut the corner; keep to your side of the centre line.

A U-turn is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, railway crossings, bridges and where visibility is under 100 m.

When two vehicles turn into the same road, the one on the right has priority if the manoeuvre would otherwise conflict.

A green arrow in a section of the signal gives priority in the arrow direction; other directions remain governed by their signals.

A red cross above a lane means the lane is closed; a green arrow above a lane means the lane is open.

A flashing yellow signal means the signals are not working; follow signs and general right-of-way rules.

A yellow signal after green means stop unless stopping would be unsafe.

A red signal with a green arrow for a turn allows the turn while yielding to other traffic.

Reversible lanes are marked by signals above the lane; obey the signal, not the lane position.

A signal showing a red pedestrian figure means pedestrians must not cross.

A signal showing a green pedestrian figure means pedestrians may cross; turning vehicles must yield to them.

Overtaking is prohibited at intersections (except on a main road), on pedestrian crossings, at railway crossings and on bridges.

Overtaking is prohibited where visibility is limited (hill crest, curve) and where a solid line or 'No overtaking' sign applies.

Before overtaking, check that no vehicle behind is already overtaking and that the lane ahead is clear.

Signal, accelerate, pass, and return to the lane without cutting in front of the overtaken vehicle.

Do not overtake a vehicle stopped at a pedestrian crossing; pass it only after confirming no pedestrian is crossing.

Pass a tram on the right unless signs or markings indicate otherwise.

Overtaking a vehicle with priority signals (blue beacon and siren) is prohibited while it is on a mission.

In poor visibility or at night, overtake only when you can see far enough to complete the manoeuvre safely.

At an unregulated intersection of equal roads, yield to traffic approaching from the right.

At an intersection of unequal roads, traffic on the main road has priority; signs and markings determine which is main.

At a T-junction, vehicles on the through road have priority over vehicles emerging from the terminating road.

When turning left, yield to oncoming traffic going straight or turning right.

Do not enter an intersection if traffic ahead would force you to stop on it.

At a roundabout, yield to vehicles already circulating unless signs indicate otherwise.

A green light does not release you from yielding to vehicles and pedestrians still in the intersection.

When a traffic controller is present, obey the controller's signals over signs and lights.

Steady red: stop before the stop line; no turn on red unless a green arrow or sign allows it.

Steady yellow: stop unless stopping would be unsafe because of proximity to the intersection.

Flashing yellow: proceed with caution; signals are not working normally.

Green: proceed if the path is clear and yield to vehicles and pedestrians finishing their movement.

A green arrow gives priority in the arrow direction but does not release you from yielding to pedestrians.

A red cross above a lane means the lane is closed; a green arrow above a lane means it is open.

A pedestrian red figure means do not start crossing; a green figure means you may cross.

A signal with a red light and a green arrow for a turn allows the turn while yielding to other traffic.

Default limits: 60 km/h in built-up areas, 90 km/h outside, 110 km/h on motorways unless signs state otherwise.

Towing a trailer: 70 km/h outside built-up areas and 90 km/h on motorways.

Following distance should be at least half the speedometer value in metres in normal conditions.

In rain, fog, ice or at night, increase the following distance and reduce speed.

The driver must be able to stop within the visible distance; this is the overriding rule in poor visibility.

Near crossings, schools and bus stops, reduce speed and be ready to stop.

A minimum speed sign sets a lower bound; driving slower than it is an offence.

Speed limits apply from the sign to the next intersection or to the sign that cancels them.

Stopping is prohibited within 5 m of a pedestrian crossing, at intersections and within 5 m of the edge of the crossed road.

Stopping and parking are prohibited on railway crossings, on bridges, in tunnels and where the vehicle would block visibility of signals.

Parking is prohibited closer than 50 m to a railway crossing and where signs or markings forbid it.

Parking is prohibited at bus stops (within 15 m) and where it would block driveways or entrances.

Stopping on tram tracks is prohibited; do not block the tracks.

On a descent, turn the front wheels toward the kerb; on an ascent, turn them away from the kerb.

Parking at night on an unlit road requires parking lights or hazard lights.

A vehicle may stand for loading or unloading only where signs permit and without obstructing traffic.

A first-aid kit, fire extinguisher, warning triangle and reflective vest are mandatory equipment.

Place the warning triangle at least 15 m behind the vehicle in built-up areas and 30 m outside them.

Brakes, steering, tyres, lights and wipers must be in working order; driving with a known safety defect is prohibited.

Tyre tread depth must meet the legal minimum; tyres with cuts, bulges or exposed cord are prohibited.

Headlights, tail lights, brake lights, turn signals and reflectors must function.

Seat belts and head restraints must be functional; a cracked windscreen in the driver's field of view is a defect.

A vehicle with a trailer must have a working coupling, safety chains and lights on the trailer.

Do not use a phone while driving unless a hands-free system is used.

At an accident: stop, switch on hazard lights, place the warning triangle and do not move the vehicle unless necessary.

Call 112 and report location, number of casualties and hazards; give first aid within your competence.

Do not move an injured person unless there is fire, traffic danger or airway obstruction.

For severe bleeding apply direct pressure with a clean cloth; for suspected spinal injury keep the head and neck aligned.

If the person is not breathing, begin chest compressions at 100–120 per minute and continue until help arrives.

Leaving the scene of an accident with casualties is a criminal offence.

Exchange details with the other party: name, licence, insurance policy number, vehicle registration and contact information.

Keep the accident report and any medical certificates for the insurer and for any legal proceedings.

Speeding, running a red light, driving without insurance and using a phone while driving are administrative offences with fines and possible licence points.

Driving while intoxicated or refusing examination is a criminal or serious administrative offence with licence revocation.

Leaving the scene of an accident with casualties is a criminal offence.

Accumulated penalty points can lead to licence suspension; the exact thresholds are set by national law.

Driving without a licence of the correct category is an offence.

Failure to comply with a police officer's lawful signal is an offence.

Driving a vehicle with a known technical defect that causes an accident increases liability.

Repeat offences within a set period carry heavier penalties than a first offence.

Yield to pedestrians on a marked crossing and to pedestrians stepping onto it; approach at a speed allowing a stop.

When turning at an intersection, yield to pedestrians crossing the road you are entering.

Give cyclists at least 1 m clearance in built-up areas and 1.5 m outside them when overtaking.

Do not stop or park on a cycle lane or within 5 m of a pedestrian crossing.

Blind or deaf pedestrians may carry a white cane or a guide dog; give them extra time.

Children near schools, playgrounds and buses require reduced speed and readiness to stop.

When a route vehicle signals departure from a stop, yield and allow it to re-enter the lane.

At night, drive so that you can stop within the illuminated distance of your low beam.

Low beam is required at night, in tunnels, in rain, fog and snow, and on roads outside built-up areas during the day.

High beam must be switched to low beam when an oncoming vehicle is within 150 m and when following within 150 m.

Hazard lights are used for a forced stop, for a vehicle being towed and to warn of a hazard ahead.

Turn signals must be given before changing lanes, turning, overtaking, stopping and starting.

Front fog lights are used in fog, heavy rain or snow; rear fog lights only when visibility is under 50 m.

Driving with only parking lights at night is prohibited; parking lights are for standing, not for moving.

A vehicle stopped on an unlit road at night must display parking lights or hazard lights.

Do not use high beam in built-up areas where it dazzles other road users or pedestrians.

A load must be secured so it cannot shift, fall or create noise, dust or a hazard to other road users.

A load projecting more than 1 m behind the vehicle must be marked with a red flag or reflective sign in daylight and a red light at night.

Maximum permitted width is 2.55 m, height 4 m and length 12 m for a single vehicle unless a special permit applies.

Towing a trailer requires a licence of the appropriate category and a trailer that meets lighting and braking requirements.

Passengers must not be carried in a trailer or in a cargo area not equipped for passengers.

The load must not obstruct the driver's view, lights, mirrors, registration plates or the vehicle's stability.

Overloading beyond the permitted axle or gross weight is prohibited and affects braking and steering.

When towing, reduce speed and increase following distance.

Driving with any alcohol in the blood is prohibited; the legal limit is effectively zero for liability purposes.

Refusal of a medical examination for intoxication is treated as an admission of intoxication.

Medications that impair attention or reaction time must not be combined with driving.

Fatigue reduces reaction time; stop and rest every 2 hours on long journeys.

Illness or injury that impairs control of the vehicle requires the driver to stop driving.

A driver who feels unwell must stop in a safe place, not continue to the destination.

Narcotics and psychotropic substances are prohibited regardless of prescription when they impair driving.

The driver is responsible for ensuring passengers do not distract them or obstruct their view.

For material damage only, the parties may complete a European-style accident report if no one is injured and both agree on the facts.

Call the police when there are injuries, a dispute about fault, damage to third-party property, or a driver without insurance.

Record the position of vehicles, skid marks, signs and signals, and take photographs before moving the vehicles.

Exchange insurance policy numbers and company names; do not admit fault at the scene.

Notify the insurer within the period stated in the policy; late notification may reduce compensation.

A driver involved in an accident must not leave the scene until authorized officials permit it.

If a vehicle is immobilised on the roadway, switch on hazard lights and place the warning triangle before leaving.

Keep the accident report and any medical certificates for the insurer and for any legal proceedings.