CDRE (Mile2 Cybersecurity Certifications) cheat sheet

Mifflin-St Jeor BMR: men = 10W + 6.25H − 5A + 5; women = 10W + 6.25H − 5A − 161 (W kg, H cm, A years); multiply by activity factor 1.2-1.9.

Ideal body weight (Hamwi): men 48 kg + 2.7 kg per cm over 152 cm; women 45.5 kg + 2.2 kg per cm over 152 cm.

Normal albumin 3.5-5.0 g/dL; values below 3.5 g/dL suggest visceral protein depletion and increased nutrition risk.

Prealbumin (transthyretin) half-life ~2 days versus albumin ~20 days, so prealbumin reflects acute change; it also falls with inflammation.

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)^2; underweight <18.5, normal 18.5-24.9, overweight 25-29.9, obesity class I 30-34.9, class II 35-39.9, class III ≥40.

Diabetes carbohydrate consistency: typically 45-60 g carbohydrate per meal; the plate method allots 1/2 nonstarchy vegetables, 1/4 protein, 1/4 starch.

CKD without dialysis: protein 0.6-0.8 g/kg/day, sodium <2.3 g/day, potassium and phosphorus restricted per labs; dialysis raises protein to 1.0-1.2 g/kg/day.

Enteral feeding: gastric residual volume >250-500 mL (per protocol) warrants holding the feeding and reassessing; head of bed 30-45 degrees reduces aspiration.

Parenteral nutrition: dextrose provides 3.4 kcal/g; lipid emulsion 9 kcal/g (commonly 2 kcal/mL for 20%); amino acid 4 kcal/g.

Conventional (on-site) system: food purchased raw and prepared and served on premises; cook-chill and cook-freeze are commissary systems with longer holding times.

Forecasting: production demand = (census or meals served) × (patron acceptance or popularity index); popularity index = item sales / total sales × 100.

Ingredient costing: edible portion (EP) cost = as-purchased (AP) cost / yield percentage; AP quantity = EP quantity / yield percentage.

Portion control: standard portion cost = (AP price per unit × EP quantity) / number of portions yielded.

Labor scheduling: meals per labor hour (MPLH) = total meals served / total labor hours; higher values indicate greater productivity.

HACCP-linked flow: receiving → storage → preparation → cooking → holding → service → cooling; each step carries time-temperature limits.

Cross-contamination controls in production: color-coded cutting boards, separate raw and ready-to-eat prep areas, and sanitized utensils between tasks.

Equipment capacity: convection ovens cook faster than conventional at lower temperatures because of forced air; steamers preserve water-soluble vitamins.

Temperature danger zone is 41°F to 135°F (5°C to 57°C); keep food out of it except during active preparation.

Two-stage cooling: 135°F to 70°F within 2 hours, then 70°F to 41°F within 4 more hours (total 6 hours).

Reheating for hot holding: reach 165°F (74°C) within 2 hours; hot hold at ≥135°F, cold hold at ≤41°F.

FATTOM = Food, Acidity, Time, Temperature, Oxygen, Moisture - conditions bacteria need to grow.

Bacteria of concern: Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes (grows at refrigeration temperatures), Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter.

Sanitizer concentrations: chlorine 50-100 ppm, quaternary ammonium 200-400 ppm, iodine 12.5-25 ppm; test with strips and change solution when soiled.

Handwashing: wet, apply soap, scrub 10-15 seconds, rinse, dry with single-use towel; required after restroom use, before food contact, and after handling raw meat.

HACCP seven principles: hazard analysis, determine CCPs, establish critical limits, monitor, corrective actions, verify, record-keeping.

Maslow's hierarchy (physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization) and Herzberg's two-factor theory (hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction; motivators drive satisfaction) are the standard motivation frameworks.

McGregor Theory X assumes workers avoid responsibility and need close control; Theory Y assumes self-direction and is preferred for professional staff.

Situational leadership: directing, coaching, supporting, delegating - match style to follower readiness.

Progressive discipline sequence: verbal warning, written warning, suspension, termination; document each step.

Recruitment cycle: job analysis → job description and specification → sourcing → screening → interview → selection → orientation → training.

Labor cost control tools: productivity ratios (MPLH), overtime monitoring, turnover rate = separations / average headcount × 100.

Conflict resolution: collaborate (win-win) is preferred when time permits; compromise and accommodation are fallbacks; avoidance is least effective.

Performance appraisal methods: graphic rating scale, critical incident, behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS), management by objectives.

Food cost percentage = food cost / food sales × 100; labor cost percentage = labor cost / total sales × 100.

Prime cost = food cost + labor cost; prime cost percentage = prime cost / total sales × 100.

Operating budget covers a defined period and projects revenue and expenses; capital budget covers long-term asset purchases.

Break-even point = fixed costs / (selling price per unit − variable cost per unit).

Variance analysis: variance = actual − budget; favorable if revenue exceeds or expense falls below budget.

Inventory turnover = cost of goods sold / average inventory value; higher turnover generally indicates efficient inventory use.

Depreciation methods: straight-line = (cost − salvage value) / useful life; declining balance accelerates early write-offs.

Contribution margin = selling price − variable cost per unit; used to rank menu items by profitability.

The FDA Food Code is a model code adopted by state and local jurisdictions; enforcement is by the state or local health department.

HACCP is mandatory for juice and seafood processors under FDA rules; retail foodservice uses HACCP-based food safety management.

The Joint Commission and CMS survey hospitals and long-term care; nutrition care standards include screening within 24 hours of admission and reassessment at defined intervals.

Nutrition screening identifies risk; nutrition assessment (anthropometrics, labs, intake, clinical, history) is the comprehensive follow-up by the RDN.

Quality improvement cycle: plan-do-study-act (PDSA); indicators should be measurable, relevant, and benchmarked.

Allergen labeling: the nine major US allergens are milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, soybeans, and sesame.

The Nutrition Care Process (NCP) has four steps: nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, nutrition monitoring and evaluation.

Health literacy: plain-language materials at a 6th-8th grade reading level improve comprehension; use teach-back to confirm understanding.

Adult learning (andragogy): adults need relevance, problem-centered content, self-direction, and immediate application.

Stages of change (transtheoretical model): precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination.

Motivational interviewing: open questions, affirmations, reflections, summaries (OARS); avoid confrontation and unsolicited advice.

Behavioral objectives are written as audience + behavior + condition + degree (criterion).

The scope of practice for RDNs is defined by state licensure or certification laws; the RDN must refer to other professionals when beyond competence.

Ethical practice: maintain confidentiality, obtain informed consent, avoid conflicts of interest, and document care accurately.

Interprofessional communication: SBAR (situation, background, assessment, recommendation) is a standard handoff format.

Documentation formats: SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan); PES statement = problem (nutrition diagnosis) + etiology + signs/symptoms.

Teaching methods: lecture for knowledge, demonstration for skills, discussion for attitude change; select method to match the objective.

Evaluation of education: process (was it delivered), impact (did knowledge or behavior change), outcome (did health status improve).

Cultural competence: assess food preferences, religious restrictions (halal, kosher, vegetarian), and health beliefs before planning education.

Group education: 6-12 participants is a practical size for discussion; keep sessions 30-60 minutes for adult attention.

Written materials should use large font, white space, bullet points, and culturally appropriate images.

Continuing education and credential maintenance: RDNs maintain the registration through the Commission on Dietetic Registration with required continuing professional education units.

Active listening: paraphrase, reflect feelings, ask clarifying questions; avoid interrupting and premature advice.

Nonverbal communication: posture, eye contact, and tone often carry more weight than words; watch for cultural differences in eye contact.

Barriers to communication: noise, jargon, language differences, hearing or vision impairment, and emotional distress.

Feedback should be specific, timely, behavior-focused, and delivered privately.

Conflict styles (Thomas-Kilmann): competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, accommodating.

Health behavior models: health belief model (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy).

Interpreter use: use trained medical interpreters, not family members, for informed consent and complex education.

Professional boundaries: do not accept gifts that could influence judgment; disclose conflicts of interest.

Confidentiality: HIPAA protects protected health information; share only the minimum necessary for care.

Informed consent: explain purpose, risks, benefits, and alternatives; the patient must be competent and voluntary.

Research ethics: institutional review board (IRB) approval is required before human subjects research; obtain informed consent.

Advocacy: RDNs advocate for patients, the profession, and public policy through professional associations.

Documentation should be accurate, timely, legible, and free of subjective bias; errors are corrected with a single line, date, and initials.

Scope of practice: state licensure laws vary; practice within the legal scope and refer when beyond competence.

Bloom's taxonomy: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create - write objectives at the level of the intended outcome.

Learning domains: cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes), psychomotor (skills).

Teach-back: ask the learner to explain or demonstrate in their own words; it verifies comprehension, not just recall.

Readability: use short sentences, common words, and active voice; test materials with the target audience.

Behavior change counseling: set SMART goals (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound).

Group dynamics: forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning.

Evaluation tools: pre/post tests, return demonstration, observation checklists, and patient satisfaction surveys.

Electronic health record documentation supports continuity of care; use standardized nutrition terminology (eNCPT) for diagnoses and interventions.

Data privacy: use secure systems, log out of workstations, and avoid sharing passwords.

Telehealth education: confirm the patient's identity, location, and consent; use a private space and secure platform.

Social media: maintain professional boundaries and never post identifiable patient information.

Quality indicators: track readmissions, malnutrition screening rates, and patient education completion.

Interprofessional rounds: communicate nutrition concerns concisely using SBAR or a structured summary.

Evidence-based practice: appraise the evidence level (systematic reviews and RCTs rank above expert opinion) before changing practice.

Autonomy: respect the patient's right to make decisions, including refusal of nutrition support.

Beneficence and nonmaleficence: act in the patient's best interest and avoid harm.

Justice: allocate resources fairly; avoid discrimination.

Veracity: tell the truth about prognosis and treatment options.

Fidelity: keep promises and maintain loyalty to the patient.

Ethical dilemma resolution: identify the problem, gather facts, consider options and consequences, consult the ethics committee, act, and evaluate.

Advance directives and surrogate decision-makers guide care when the patient lacks capacity.

Mentoring: pair less experienced staff with experienced practitioners; set goals and review progress.

Precepting students: use clear expectations, supervised practice, and regular feedback.

Continuing education: attend conferences, complete CEUs, and read peer-reviewed journals.

Professional associations: join and participate in dietetic associations at the local, state, and national levels.

Career planning: assess strengths, interests, and market demand; pursue advanced credentials (e.g., CNSC, CDE, CSR).

Leadership: develop communication, decision-making, and team-building skills; seek committee and project roles.

Work-life balance: set boundaries and manage stress to sustain professional effectiveness.

Research designs: randomized controlled trials, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and case studies; RCTs provide the strongest causal evidence.

Validity: internal validity concerns causality; external validity concerns generalizability.

Reliability: consistency of a measure; a reliable measure is not necessarily valid.

Sampling: random sampling reduces bias; sample size affects statistical power.

Statistics: p < 0.05 is a common significance threshold; confidence intervals describe precision.

Evidence hierarchy: systematic reviews and meta-analyses > RCTs > cohort > case-control > expert opinion.

Ethics: IRB approval, informed consent, and data protection are required for human subjects research.

Quality assurance: planned activities to ensure standards are met; quality improvement: continuous effort to improve processes.

PDSA cycle: plan the change, do it on a small scale, study the results, act to adopt or adjust.

Benchmarking: compare performance with internal or external standards.

Root cause analysis: identify underlying causes of an adverse event rather than blaming individuals.

Patient safety: report errors and near misses; use checklists and standardized protocols.

Patient satisfaction: measure with validated surveys and act on results.

Accreditation: The Joint Commission, CARF, and CMS set standards for nutrition care in hospitals and long-term care.

Nutrition software: use for nutrient analysis, menu planning, and production forecasting.

Electronic menu management: integrate recipes, inventory, and cost data.

Point-of-sale systems: track sales, inventory, and labor data.

Data security: back up data, use passwords, and limit access by role.

Telehealth platforms: use secure, HIPAA-compliant video and messaging.

Automation: use for tray assembly, inventory tracking, and temperature monitoring.

Training: provide hands-on training and written procedures for new technology.

Transformational leadership: inspire and motivate through vision and individualized consideration.

Transactional leadership: use rewards and punishments to manage performance.

Servant leadership: prioritize the needs of staff and patients.

Situational leadership: adapt style to the follower's readiness.

Delegation: assign tasks with clear expectations and authority; retain accountability.

Team building: clarify roles, set shared goals, and foster trust.

Change management: communicate the vision, involve staff, provide training, and monitor progress.

Assertiveness: express needs and concerns directly and respectfully.

Conflict resolution: focus on interests, not positions; separate people from the problem.

Negotiation: prepare, identify interests, generate options, and agree on objective criteria.

Feedback: use the SBI model (situation, behavior, impact).

Active listening: reflect, paraphrase, and summarize.

Cross-cultural communication: avoid idioms, use plain language, and confirm understanding.

Written communication: use clear, concise, and professional language; proofread before sending.

Assess readiness to learn, literacy, and barriers before teaching.

Set collaborative goals with the patient and family.

Use multiple teaching methods (verbal, written, demonstration).

Provide culturally appropriate materials in the patient's language.

Evaluate learning with teach-back and return demonstration.

Document education and the patient's response.

Reinforce education at follow-up visits.

Motivational interviewing: express empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, support self-efficacy.

Cognitive behavioral strategies: identify and change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors.

Self-monitoring: food and activity logs increase awareness.

Goal setting: use SMART goals and review progress.

Problem solving: identify barriers and generate solutions.

Social support: involve family and peers.

Relapse prevention: plan for high-risk situations and coping strategies.

Health literacy is the ability to obtain, process, and understand health information to make decisions.

Low health literacy is associated with poorer health outcomes and higher costs.

Use plain language and limit content to key messages.

Use pictures and demonstrations to reinforce verbal instructions.

Confirm understanding with teach-back.

Provide materials at a 6th-8th grade reading level.

Involve family and caregivers as appropriate.

Cultural competence: awareness, knowledge, skills, and encounters.

Assess food preferences, religious practices, and health beliefs.

Avoid stereotyping; ask about individual practices.

Use trained interpreters for language barriers.

Adapt education materials to culture and language.

Respect traditional healing practices and integrate when safe.

Evaluate outcomes across diverse groups.

Maintain confidentiality and privacy.

Obtain informed consent.

Disclose conflicts of interest.

Practice within scope and refer when needed.

Document accurately and timely.

Report errors and near misses.

Advocate for patients and the profession.

Assess interests, strengths, and values.

Explore career paths in clinical, community, foodservice, research, and business settings.

Pursue advanced credentials and certifications.

Build a professional network.

Develop a resume and interview skills.

Seek mentoring and precepting opportunities.

Engage in lifelong learning.

Join professional associations for networking and resources.

Participate in committees and leadership roles.

Attend conferences and continuing education.

Read peer-reviewed journals.

Advocate for policy changes.

Mentor students and new practitioners.

Maintain certification and licensure.

Use secure email and messaging for patient information.

Use telehealth platforms that comply with privacy laws.

Maintain professional boundaries on social media.

Use electronic health records accurately.

Protect passwords and devices.

Back up data.

Train staff on technology use.

Clarify roles and responsibilities.

Set shared goals.

Communicate openly and respectfully.

Use structured handoffs (SBAR).

Resolve conflicts constructively.

Recognize and celebrate team achievements.

Evaluate team performance.

Develop self-awareness.

Build communication and decision-making skills.

Seek feedback and mentoring.

Take on leadership roles.

Manage change effectively.

Foster a positive work culture.

Balance competing priorities.

Identify improvement opportunities.

Use PDSA cycles.

Collect and analyze data.

Implement and evaluate changes.

Engage staff and patients.

Benchmark performance.

Sustain improvements.

Report errors and near misses.

Use checklists and protocols.

Verify patient identity.

Prevent falls and pressure injuries.

Prevent medication errors.

Prevent healthcare-associated infections.

Promote a culture of safety.

Document timely and accurately.

Use standardized terminology.

Record assessments, interventions, and outcomes.

Correct errors properly.

Maintain confidentiality.

Use electronic health records.

Follow facility policies.

Formulate a clinical question (PICO).

Search for evidence.

Appraise the evidence.

Apply evidence to practice.

Evaluate outcomes.

Share findings.

Update practice as new evidence emerges.

Follow ethical guidelines.

Obtain IRB approval.

Use appropriate study designs.

Analyze data correctly.

Report findings transparently.

Disseminate results.

Translate research into practice.

Set learning goals.

Pursue continuing education.

Seek mentoring.

Reflect on practice.

Build a professional portfolio.

Network with colleagues.

Maintain work-life balance.

Respect autonomy.

Act with beneficence and nonmaleficence.

Ensure justice.

Be truthful.

Maintain fidelity.

Manage conflicts of interest.

Consult ethics committees when needed.

Listen actively.

Use plain language.

Confirm understanding.

Adapt to culture and literacy.

Use interpreters.

Provide written materials.

Document education.

Assess learning needs.

Set objectives.

Choose methods.

Deliver education.

Evaluate learning.

Document.

Reinforce.

Build rapport.

Assess readiness.

Set goals.

Use motivational interviewing.

Monitor progress.

Adjust plans.

Prevent relapse.

Use plain language.

Limit content.

Use visuals.

Confirm understanding.

Provide materials at appropriate reading level.

Involve family.

Evaluate.

Assess culture.

Avoid stereotypes.

Use interpreters.

Adapt materials.

Respect practices.

Evaluate outcomes.

Train staff.

Maintain confidentiality.

Obtain consent.

Disclose conflicts.

Practice within scope.

Document accurately.

Report errors.

Advocate.

Assess interests.

Explore paths.

Pursue credentials.

Network.

Develop skills.

Seek mentoring.

Engage in lifelong learning.

Join associations.

Participate in committees.

Attend conferences.

Read journals.

Advocate.

Mentor.

Maintain certification.

Use secure systems.

Comply with privacy laws.

Maintain boundaries.

Use EHRs.

Protect data.

Back up.

Train staff.

Clarify roles.

Set goals.

Communicate.

Use SBAR.

Resolve conflicts.

Celebrate.

Evaluate.

Self-awareness.

Communication.

Feedback.

Leadership roles.

Change management.

Culture.

Balance.

Identify opportunities.

PDSA.

Data.

Implement.

Engage.

Benchmark.

Sustain.

Report errors.

Checklists.

Verify identity.

Prevent falls.

Prevent medication errors.

Prevent infections.

Safety culture.

Timely.

Accurate.

Standardized.

Record outcomes.

Correct errors.

Confidential.

Follow policy.

PICO.

Search.

Appraise.

Apply.

Evaluate.

Share.

Update.

Ethics.

IRB.

Designs.

Analysis.

Transparency.

Disseminate.

Translate.

Goals.

CE.

Mentoring.

Reflection.

Portfolio.

Network.

Balance.

Autonomy.

Beneficence.

Justice.

Veracity.

Fidelity.

Conflicts.

Ethics committee.

Listen.

Plain language.

Confirm.

Adapt.

Interpreters.

Written materials.

Document.

Assess.

Objectives.

Methods.

Deliver.

Evaluate.

Document.

Reinforce.

Rapport.

Readiness.

Goals.

MI.

Monitor.

Adjust.

Relapse.

Plain language.

Limit.

Visuals.

Confirm.

Reading level.

Family.

Evaluate.

Assess.

Stereotypes.

Interpreters.

Adapt.

Respect.

Outcomes.

Train.

Confidentiality.

Consent.

Conflicts.

Scope.

Document.

Errors.

Advocate.

Interests.

Paths.

Credentials.

Network.

Skills.

Mentoring.

Lifelong.

Join.

Committees.

Conferences.

Journals.

Advocate.

Mentor.

Certification.

Secure.

Privacy.

Boundaries.

EHR.

Protect.

Backup.

Train.

Roles.

Goals.

Communicate.

SBAR.

Conflicts.

Celebrate.

Evaluate.

Awareness.

Communication.

Feedback.

Roles.

Change.

Culture.

Balance.

Opportunities.

PDSA.

Data.

Implement.

Engage.

Benchmark.

Sustain.

Report.

Checklists.

Identity.

Falls.

Medications.

Infections.

Culture.

Timely.

Accurate.

Standardized.

Outcomes.

Errors.

Confidential.

Policy.

PICO.

Search.

Appraise.

Apply.

Evaluate.

Share.

Update.

Ethics.

IRB.

Designs.

Analysis.

Transparency.

Disseminate.

Translate.