Lok Sewa Kharidar cheat sheet

Nepal has 7 provinces and 77 districts; the federal capital is Kathmandu and the official calendar is Bikram Sambat (BS), roughly 56–57 years ahead of the Gregorian year.

Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) stands 8,848.86 m, a height jointly announced by Nepal and China in December 2020, replacing the earlier 8,848 m figure.

Nepal's Constitution was promulgated on 20 September 2015 (3 Ashoj 2072 BS) by the second Constituent Assembly, replacing the Interim Constitution of 2007.

Nepal became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and of SAARC as a founding member in 1985; its SAARC Secretariat sits in Kathmandu.

The President is the constitutional head of state elected indirectly by an electoral college; the Prime Minister is the executive head and must command a majority in the House of Representatives.

Kathmandu Valley contains seven UNESCO World Heritage Cultural sites, including Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath, Changu Narayan and the three Durbar Squares.

Nepal's national bird is the Himalayan monal (danphe), the national flower is rhododendron (laligurans), and the national animal is the cow.

Sources for current affairs: Nepal Gazette, National Statistics Office census reports, Nepal Rastra Bank monetary policy, and the annual Economic Survey presented with the budget.

Nepali has 11 vowels (स्वर) and 33 consonants (व्यञ्जन) in the Devanagari alphabet used for the language; vowel signs (मात्रा) attach to consonants.

लिङ्ग (gender) is masculine, feminine or neuter; inanimate nouns commonly take masculine forms, and adjective endings change to agree, e.g. राम्रो/राम्री.

वचन (number) is singular or plural; plural markers include -हरू for nouns and verb agreement changes, e.g. छ / छन्.

कारक (case) is shown by postpositions rather than by changing the noun stem: ले (agent/instrument), लाई (dative/object), बाट (ablative), मा (locative), को/का/की (genitive).

काल (tense) is past, present and future; aspect is marked by auxiliary verbs, e.g. गर्छ (simple present), गर्दैछ (progressive), गरिसक्यो (perfect).

पदवर्ग (parts of speech): नाम, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रियायोगी, क्रिया, नामयोगी, संयोजक, विस्मयादिबोधक - eight classes in standard Nepali grammar.

Sandhi (सन्धि) joins sounds at word boundaries; e.g. विद्या + आलय → विद्यालय shows दीर्घ स्वर सन्धि.

समास (compound) types include तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्वन्द्व, बहुव्रीहि, द्विगु and अव्ययीभाव; the last member usually carries the meaning.

Twelve tenses arise from three times (past, present, future) × four aspects (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous); perfect tenses use has/have/had + past participle.

Subject–verb agreement: singular subjects take singular verbs; indefinite pronouns (everyone, each, neither) are singular; 'either...or / neither...nor' agree with the nearer subject.

Passive voice = form of 'be' + past participle; only transitive verbs passivise, and the object becomes the subject.

Conditionals: Type 1 (if + present, will + base) for real; Type 2 (if + past, would + base) for unreal present; Type 3 (if + had + past participle, would have + past participle) for unreal past.

Reported speech shifts tense back one step and changes pronouns and time words: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day.

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite singular count nouns (an before vowel sound), 'the' for definite or unique reference and superlatives; no article with general plurals or uncountables.

Preposition rules: 'since' with a point in time, 'for' with a duration; 'in' for months/years, 'on' for days/dates, 'at' for clock times.

Common error pairs: affect (verb)/effect (noun), its/it's, their/there/they're, lie/lay, fewer (countable)/less (uncountable).

Percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100; successive changes of a% and b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound interest amount = P(1 + R/100)^T, with interest = amount − principal.

Profit or loss percent is always calculated on cost price: Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; SP = CP × (100 + profit%)/100.

Average speed for equal distances at speeds x and y is 2xy/(x + y), not the arithmetic mean; distance = speed × time.

Work: if A finishes a job in a days and B in b days, together they take ab/(a + b) days; combined rate is the sum of individual rates.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; to divide a sum S in ratio a:b:c, parts are S×a/(a+b+c), and so on.

Area formulas: triangle ½ × base × height; circle πr²; trapezium ½(a + b)h; volume of cylinder πr²h, of sphere (4/3)πr³.

LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers; use HCF for 'greatest number dividing...' and LCM for 'least number divisible by...' problems.

The human heart has four chambers; oxygenated blood travels from lungs to left atrium to left ventricle and out through the aorta, while the right side handles deoxygenated blood.

Blood groups follow the ABO and Rh systems; O negative is the universal donor of red cells and AB positive the universal recipient.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts with chlorophyll.

Newton's three laws: inertia; F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Ohm's law states V = IR for a conductor at constant temperature.

SI units to recall: force in newton, pressure in pascal, energy in joule, power in watt, frequency in hertz, electric charge in coulomb.

Diseases and causes: tuberculosis (bacterium, airborne), malaria (Plasmodium via female Anopheles mosquito), dengue (virus via Aedes), cholera (bacterium, contaminated water).

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A - night blindness; vitamin C - scurvy; vitamin D - rickets; iodine - goitre; iron - anaemia.

Public health basics: ORS treats dehydration in diarrhoea; BCG protects against tuberculosis; vaccination schedule in Nepal starts at birth with BCG and OPV-0.

Nepal's Constitution of 2015 provides three tiers of government - federal, provincial and local - with powers listed in Schedules 5 to 9.

There are 753 local levels: 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities and 460 rural municipalities, each with a directly elected mayor/chair and deputy.

Fundamental rights in Part 3 include equality, freedom, right to education, right to health, right to clean environment and right to constitutional remedy under Article 46.

The three organs of the state are legislature (law-making), executive (implementation) and judiciary (adjudication); the Supreme Court is the apex court and guardian of the Constitution.

The Public Service Commission (Lok Sewa Aayog), established under Article 242, conducts recruitment to the civil service on the basis of merit through competitive examinations.

Principles of public administration include rule of law, transparency, accountability, impartiality, efficiency and citizen participation; good governance is measured by these plus responsiveness.

The Constitution's directive principles and policies (Part 4) guide the state toward a socialism-oriented economy and equitable distribution of resources.

Local government has the right to levy local taxes, make local laws and deliver basic services such as local roads, sanitation, primary health and basic education.

Files are classified as personal, semi-official or official; incoming mail is recorded in a receipt (darta) register and outgoing mail in a dispatch (chalan) register.

The standard filing steps are receipt, sorting, classification, indexing, filing and follow-up; alphabetic, numeric, chronological and subject filing are common systems.

A computer's basic components: input unit, CPU (control unit + ALU + registers), memory (primary RAM/ROM, secondary storage) and output unit.

Memory units: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB.

Microsoft Word shortcuts: Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+F find; Excel formulas begin with '=' and SUM(A1:A5) adds a range.

Email fields: To (primary recipient), Cc (carbon copy, visible to all), Bcc (blind copy, hidden); attachments should be checked for size limits.

Data security basics: strong passwords, regular backups, updated antivirus, and never sharing OTPs or passwords; phishing messages should be reported, not opened.

Official correspondence types: letter, memorandum, circular, notice, press release and minute; a circular goes to many recipients at once, a memo stays internal.