LET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Pythagorean theorem

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the two legs: a² + b² = c², where c is the hypotenuse.

Average speed for equal distances

For equal distances covered at speeds a and b, average speed equals 2ab divided by (a + b), which is the harmonic mean, not the arithmetic average.

Simile

A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using 'like' or 'as,' as in 'her voice was like music'; the comparison is made explicit.

Metaphor

A figure of speech that states one thing is another without using 'like' or 'as,' as in 'the classroom was a zoo'; the comparison is implied.

Photosynthesis equation

Carbon dioxide and water, using light energy captured by chlorophyll in chloroplasts, yield glucose and oxygen: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

DNA base pairing

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine; in RNA, uracil replaces thymine, so adenine pairs with uracil instead.

Compound subjects joined by 'and'

Two or more singular subjects joined by 'and' take a plural verb unless they name a single person, thing, or idea, in which case the verb is singular.

Independence proclaimed June 12, 1898

Philippine independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite, and this date is the basis of the present Independence Day holiday.

Circle area and circumference

The area of a circle is πr² and its circumference is 2πr, where r is the radius; the diameter equals twice the radius.

Simple interest

Interest computed only on the original principal: I = Prt, where P is principal, r is the annual rate in decimal form, and t is time in years.

Hyperbole

A deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or effect, as in 'I have told you a million times'; it is not meant to be taken literally.

RA 7836

The Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994, which regulates the licensure and practice of teaching and created the Board for Professional Teachers under PRC supervision.

RA 4670

The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers of 1966, which limits actual classroom teaching to six hours daily and guarantees salary, leave, and tenure benefits.

Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

Board Resolution No. 435, s. 1997, setting the standards of conduct for teachers toward the state, the community, the profession, and the learners.

PPST career stages

Under DepEd Order No. 42, s. 2017, teachers progress through four stages: Beginning, Proficient, Highly Proficient, and Distinguished, across seven domains and thirty-seven strands.

Piaget's cognitive stages

Four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (birth to 2), preoperational (2 to 7), concrete operational (7 to 11), and formal operational (11 onward).

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do independently and what the learner can do with guidance from a more knowledgeable person.

Scaffolding

Temporary assistance given to a learner while mastering a task, gradually withdrawn as competence grows and most useful when pitched within the zone of proximal development.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

Six levels of cognitive objectives in ascending order: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create, with Create the highest and Remember the lowest.

Item difficulty index

The proportion of examinees answering an item correctly, computed as number correct divided by number tested; values from 0.26 to 0.75 are usually acceptable.

Item discrimination index

The difference between the proportion correct in the upper-scoring group and the lower-scoring group; positive values favor high scorers and negative values signal a defective item.

Formative assessment

Assessment conducted during instruction to monitor learning and adjust teaching; it is usually ungraded and feeds directly into immediate instructional decisions.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0 with a not equal to zero, the roots are x equals negative b plus or minus the square root of b² − 4ac, all over 2a.

Slope of a line

For points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) with x₁ not equal to x₂, slope m = (y₂ − y₁) ÷ (x₂ − x₁); parallel slopes are equal and perpendicular slopes are negative reciprocals.

Negative exponent rule

A base raised to a negative exponent equals the reciprocal of that base raised to the positive exponent: x⁻ⁿ = 1/xⁿ, provided x is not zero.

Derivative power rule

For any real number n, the derivative of xⁿ with respect to x is n·xⁿ⁻¹; the derivative of a constant is zero.

Ohm's law

Voltage equals current times resistance (V = IR); current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance for a fixed conductor.

Newton's second law

The net force on an object equals its mass times its acceleration (F = ma); the acceleration points in the direction of the net force.

pH scale

pH equals the negative logarithm of hydrogen-ion concentration; values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, values above 7 are basic, and each unit is tenfold.

Ionic versus covalent bonds

Ionic bonds form by transfer of electrons between atoms and hold the resulting ions electrostatically; covalent bonds form by sharing electron pairs between atoms.

Mitochondrion

The organelle where aerobic respiration produces most of the cell's ATP; it has a double membrane, and its inner folds are called cristae.

Cell theory

Three statements: all organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.