LET key terms

A story, poem, or painting in which characters and events stand for larger moral, religious, or political ideas, so the surface narrative carries a second, deeper meaning from start to finish.

A deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or humor rather than literal truth, as in "I've told you a million times," which no reader is expected to take as a fact.

A fourteen-line poem written in a fixed meter and rhyme pattern, usually turning from a problem or question in its opening lines to a resolution or insight at the end.

The grammar rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

The central point a paragraph or passage is built to support; every other sentence explains, illustrates, or qualifies it, and it can usually be stated in one sentence.

The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make sugar, releasing oxygen as a by-product.

The type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth, repair, and replacement of body cells in multicellular organisms.

A close, lasting relationship between organisms of different species, which may benefit both partners, benefit one while harming the other, or benefit one while leaving the other unaffected.

The theory explaining that Earth's outer shell is broken into large moving slabs whose collisions, spreading, and sliding cause earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building, and the drift of continents.

The warming of Earth's surface that occurs when certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat radiating from the ground, keeping the planet habitable but intensifying with added emissions.

A sustained rise in the general level of prices across an economy, which reduces the amount of goods and services a given sum of money can buy.

The constitutional arrangement that divides government authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches so that no single branch can exercise unchecked control.

An equation of the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a is not zero, whose solutions can be found by factoring, completing the square, or the quadratic formula.

Summary values-mean, median, and mode-that describe the typical or middle score of a data set; each is chosen according to the data's shape and level of measurement.

A learning theory holding that learners build new understanding by connecting new information to what they already know, so teaching should provide experiences and questions rather than only transmitted facts.

A theory that treats learning as a change in observable behavior produced by stimuli, reinforcement, and punishment, with little attention to internal mental processes.

The gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can accomplish with guidance from a more capable person; instruction is most effective when aimed at this range.

Temporary support-such as prompts, models, or step-by-step guides-given to a learner during a task and gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

A hierarchical classification of learning objectives in the cognitive domain, moving from remembering and understanding through applying and analyzing to evaluating and creating.

Ongoing, low-stakes checks of student understanding during instruction, used mainly to adjust teaching and give feedback rather than to assign a final grade.

An evaluation given at the end of a unit, term, or course to judge how much learning has occurred, usually reported as a grade or score for accountability.

Planning lessons so that content, process, product, or learning environment are adjusted to fit students' readiness, interests, and learning profiles within the same classroom.

A scoring guide that lists the criteria for a task and describes levels of quality for each criterion, making grading more consistent and understandable to students.

A written plan required for a learner with a disability, specifying present levels of performance, measurable goals, services, accommodations, and how progress will be monitored.

Awareness and regulation of one's own thinking-knowing what one understands, planning an approach, monitoring progress, and adjusting strategies when comprehension breaks down.

A test blueprint that maps test items to learning objectives and content areas and sets the number or weight of items for each, helping ensure balanced content coverage.

The consistency of a test or measurement-whether it yields similar results when repeated, scored by different raters, or made up of comparable items.

A curriculum design that revisits key concepts across grade levels with increasing depth and complexity, so earlier learning is reinforced and extended rather than abandoned.

The practice of educating learners with disabilities and other diverse needs in regular classrooms with appropriate support, rather than segregating them in separate settings.

An approach to teaching reading that links letters and letter patterns to the sounds they represent, helping beginners decode unfamiliar printed words.

Hints about an unfamiliar word's meaning supplied by the surrounding sentence or passage, such as a definition, example, contrast, or cause-and-effect relationship.

The ability to read text accurately, at an appropriate rate, and with suitable expression, which frees attention for comprehending what is read.

The value assigned to a digit based on its position in a numeral, so in 4,582 the 5 stands for five hundreds rather than five ones.

A systematic procedure for investigating questions: observing, forming a testable hypothesis, experimenting or gathering data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions that may later be revised.

An original document, artifact, recording, or eyewitness account created during the period under study, used as direct evidence rather than as a later interpretation.

A teaching approach that helps learners examine their beliefs, weigh alternatives and consequences, and freely choose and act on values rather than having them imposed.

A state of health and well-being that allows a person to perform daily tasks and physical activity with vigor, built through components such as cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, flexibility, and body composition.

A Filipino term for poetry: a literary composition in verse that uses rhythm, imagery, and often rhyme to express feeling or thought, traditionally recited or chanted.