Slovakia Maturita Biology study guide
Slovakia Maturita Biology · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.
The Maturita z biológie is the external, state-set part of the Slovak school-leaving examination in biology, taken by students at the end of gymnázium or secondary school who choose biology as a maturita subject. It is a general biology examination, not a university entrance test for one faculty, so it is useful for anyone who needs a certified upper-secondary biology result: applicants to medical and veterinary faculties, biology and teaching programmes, and students who simply want a science subject in their maturita portfolio. The Slovakia Maturita Biology study guide has 9 sections and about 3,012 words.
01General Biology: Life, Its Levels and Basic Principles
General biology sets the vocabulary the whole exam leans on. Be sure you can define life by its shared properties (organisation, metabolism, growth, reproduction, irritability/response to stimuli, adaptation, evolution) and distinguish living from non-living.
351 words, about 2 min02Cell Biology and Molecular Biology
Know the eukaryotic cell organelles and their functions: nucleus (DNA, transcription), mitochondria (aerobic respiration, ATP), chloroplasts (photosynthesis, plants only), ribosomes (protein synthesis), rough and smooth ER (protein processing, lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (modification and packaging), lysosomes (intracellular digestion), vacuoles (storage, turgor in plants), cytoskeleton. Distinguish plant vs animal cells (cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole vs centrioles, lysosomes).
302 words, about 2 min03Genetics and Heredity
Master Mendel's laws : uniformity of the F1 generation, segregation of alleles, and independent assortment of genes on different chromosomes. Know the vocabulary: gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, codominance, incomplete dominance .
299 words, about 1 min04Biology of Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi
Know that viruses are acellular obligate intracellular parasites: nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) inside a protein capsid, sometimes an envelope. They replicate only inside a host cell using the host's machinery.
287 words, about 1 min05Botany: Plant Biology and Diversity
Know plant cell features (cellulose wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole) and the organs : root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed. Understand photosynthesis : light-dependent reactions (in thylakoids, produce ATP and NADPH, release O₂ from water) and the Calvin cycle (in stroma, fixes CO₂ into sugars).
297 words, about 1 min06Zoology: Animal Biology and Diversity
Know the major animal groups and their defining features: sponges (no true tissues), cnidarians (radial symmetry, stinging cells), flatworms, roundworms, annelids (segmented), molluscs (soft body, mantle), arthropods (exoskeleton, jointed legs; insects, crustaceans, arachnids), echinoderms (five-part radial symmetry), and chordates/vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals). Understand body symmetry (radial vs bilateral), germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), and body cavities .
284 words, about 1 min07Human Biology and Anatomy
Know the major organ systems and their functions: digestion (mechanical and chemical, enzymes, absorption in small intestine, villi), circulation (heart chambers, arteries/veins/capillaries, systemic vs pulmonary circuit), respiration (alveoli, gas exchange, breathing mechanics), excretion (kidneys, nephron, urine formation), nervous system (neuron, synapse, CNS/PNS, reflex arc), endocrine system (hormones, e.g. insulin, adrenaline), immune system (non-specific and specific defence), and reproduction (gametes, menstrual cycle, fertilisation).
266 words, about 1 min08Ecology and Environmental Biology
Know the levels : organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere. Understand biotic and abiotic factors , habitat vs niche , and producers, consumers, decomposers .
308 words, about 2 min09Evolution and Biological Diversity
Understand evolution as change in allele frequencies in populations over time. Know Darwin's mechanism : variation, inheritance, differential survival and reproduction ( natural selection ).
618 words, about 3 min