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Armenia Engineer Attestation practice questions

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Question 1Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Under Armenian urban development legislation, when must a construction permit be obtained for a new building?

  1. Only when the building is put into operation
  2. At any time before the roof is installed
  3. After the foundation has been completed
  4. Before any construction and installation works begin Correct answer.

Explanation

The construction permit is the document that authorises construction and installation works, and it is issued in advance on the basis of the right to the land plot, the architectural planning assignment and the approved design. Starting works before the permit is issued renders the construction unauthorised. There is no stage of works at which the permit may be obtained retroactively.

Question 2Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Before a completed building may be used, the developer must obtain:

  1. A demolition permit
  2. A construction permit for the next stage
  3. A new architectural planning assignment
  4. A commissioning (acceptance) permit Correct answer.

Explanation

An object may be put into operation only after acceptance by the competent body or commission, which confirms that it complies with the design and construction norms and is documented by a commissioning act or permit. Use of the object before that act is not lawful.

Question 3Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Which document sets the main directions for the urban development of a community?

  1. The construction contract with the contractor
  2. The technical passport of the building
  3. The cadastral map of the quarter
  4. The community general plan Correct answer.

Explanation

The general plan is the basic urban development document of a settlement; it establishes functional zoning and the principal directions of development and serves as the basis for zoning rules and for decisions on permits.

Question 4Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Construction norms and rules approved by the authorised state body are:

  1. Binding requirements for design and construction Correct answer.
  2. Applicable only where the client writes them into the contract
  3. Binding on the contractor but not on the designer
  4. Advisory recommendations that the developer may ignore

Explanation

Construction norms and rules are mandatory technical-legal requirements addressed to all participants of construction activity, including the client, designer and contractor. Breaching them entails liability and may lead to refusal of acceptance of the object.

Question 5Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Construction carried out without a permit or with a material deviation from the approved design is classified as:

  1. Reconstruction
  2. Temporary construction
  3. Unauthorised construction Correct answer.
  4. Major repair

Explanation

Unauthorised construction covers works performed without a construction permit or with material breaches of the design and construction norms. The law attaches specific consequences to that status, ranging from a duty to remedy the breach to legalisation or demolition.

Question 6Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

An applicant for a construction permit for a building must, as a rule, document:

  1. Written consent of every neighbour adjoining the plot
  2. Membership in a self-regulatory organisation of builders
  3. Completion of similar projects during the last five years
  4. A registered right to the land plot and approved design documentation Correct answer.

Explanation

The permit confirms that the intended object matches the lawful use of the plot, so the applicant submits title documents to the plot together with the architectural planning assignment and the design documentation. Without a lawful basis in the land the permit cannot be granted.

Question 7Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

In the construction sector, a licence is:

  1. A permit to occupy a land plot for construction
  2. A paper confirming the technical condition of a building
  3. A design estimate document
  4. An official authorisation to carry out a defined activity Correct answer.

Explanation

Licensing is a form of state authorisation granted by the competent body that confers the right to perform a particular activity and can be suspended or revoked for violation of its conditions. It is distinct from urban-planning permits, which concern a specific object.

Question 8Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Under Armenian law, a construction permit is issued by:

  1. The general contractor that will perform the construction works
  2. The commercial bank that finances the construction works
  3. The design organisation that prepared the drawings for the object
  4. The authorised state body or the community head Correct answer.

Explanation

Competence to issue construction permits is divided between the authorised state body and the community head, depending on the category and location of the object as defined by law. The permit is an act of a public authority, so private participants of construction cannot issue it.

Question 9Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

The architectural planning assignment is:

  1. A civil-law contract between the client and the contractor
  2. A document fixing siting and design requirements for the object Correct answer.
  3. An act of state acceptance of the completed object
  4. An extract from the state cadastre on the area of the plot

Explanation

The architectural planning assignment is issued by the authorised urban development body before design begins and fixes the key parameters of the future object, such as use, setbacks, density and height. The design must conform to it, and a construction permit is not granted without it.

Question 10Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

State expertise of design documentation for the categories of objects listed by law is:

  1. Optional and performed only at the client's request
  2. Replaced by the report of technical supervision
  3. Mandatory; a positive conclusion precedes the permit Correct answer.
  4. Performed only after the construction works are finished

Explanation

The law identifies categories of objects whose design documentation must pass state expertise, and a positive conclusion is a precondition for issuing the construction permit. The purpose is to verify safety and conformity with norms before works begin.

Question 11Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Public hearings on urban development documents are held in order to:

  1. Replace the state environmental expertise
  2. Collect additional fees from the residents of the community
  3. Allow residents and interested parties to state their positions Correct answer.
  4. Approve the contractor's estimate for the works

Explanation

Urban development documents affect the living conditions of the population, so the legislation requires public discussion before adoption. The adopting body must take the expressed positions into account in the prescribed manner.

Question 12Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Technical supervision during construction is exercised by:

  1. The contractor's own workforce, without separate control
  2. The commercial bank financing the works
  3. A qualified person engaged by the developer Correct answer.
  4. The local community council

Explanation

The developer must ensure technical supervision, which checks conformity of the works with the design and construction norms and records deviations. It is independent of the contractor's internal production control.

Question 13Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

State architectural and construction supervision has as its purpose:

  1. Setting the market price of construction works
  2. Verifying compliance of construction with legislation and permits Correct answer.
  3. Registering ownership of the completed building
  4. Collecting taxes on the sale of newly built housing

Explanation

State supervision monitors whether construction complies with the legislation, the permit and the technical norms and may issue binding instructions to remove violations. Registration of rights and taxation are tasks of other bodies.

Question 14Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

If works are carried out without a permit or in violation of it, the supervisory body may:

  1. Transfer the land plot to the contractor
  2. Approve the deviation retroactively
  3. Suspend the works and set a term to remedy Correct answer.
  4. Confiscate the personal property of the builder

Explanation

The law grants the supervisory body powers to issue instructions and to suspend works until the violation is removed. Further consequences may include administrative liability and, for unauthorised construction, demolition or legalisation in the prescribed order.

Question 15Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Acceptance of a completed object into operation is carried out by:

  1. The contractor that performed the works
  2. The competent body or an acceptance commission Correct answer.
  3. The designer who prepared the drawings
  4. Any licensed engineer chosen by the owner

Explanation

Putting an object into operation is an administrative procedure in which the developer submits the prescribed documents and a commission including the participants of construction examines the object. The resulting act confirms that the object may lawfully be used.

Question 16Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

After a building has been accepted into operation, the ownership right is certified by:

  1. The construction permit
  2. Registration in the state cadastre Correct answer.
  3. The architectural planning assignment
  4. The technical supervision journal

Explanation

Acceptance creates the factual basis for use, but the right to the newly created immovable property arises and is certified through state registration. From registration the object enters lawful civil circulation.

Question 17Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Demolition of a lawfully erected capital building requires:

  1. The written consent of the contractor
  2. A demolition permit from the authorised body Correct answer.
  3. Nothing, since ownership includes the right to destroy
  4. Only a written decision of the owner

Explanation

Demolition is a form of construction activity with safety and urban-planning consequences, so the legislation subjects it to a permit. Demolition without a permit, or of a protected or third-party object, entails liability.

Question 18Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

The permitted use of a land plot in a community is determined by:

  1. A unilateral declaration of the plot owner
  2. The work programme of the contractor
  3. Internal instructions of the cadastre
  4. The urban development documentation and zoning rules Correct answer.

Explanation

The general plan and the zoning rules establish which uses are allowed in each zone, and urban-planning decisions and permits must conform to that permitted use. A change of use requires amendment of the documentation in the prescribed procedure.

Question 19Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

For a project with a significant impact on the environment, before the design is approved there must be:

  1. A local referendum in the affected community
  2. An environmental impact assessment with the prescribed expertise Correct answer.
  3. A written guarantee from the contractor
  4. An opinion of the chamber of architects

Explanation

Environmental legislation requires an impact assessment and expert review for the activities listed by law, and the resulting conclusion is taken into account in the urban-planning decision. Without it the project cannot lawfully proceed to approval.

Question 20Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Works on a monument of cultural heritage additionally require:

  1. Approval of the heritage-protection body as well Correct answer.
  2. Only the ordinary construction permit
  3. Only the consent of the neighbouring owners
  4. Only the consent of the owner of the monument

Explanation

Heritage legislation establishes a special regime for monuments irrespective of the form of ownership, so works are allowed only within the heritage-protection requirements and with the approval of the authorised heritage body. The ordinary construction permit alone is not sufficient.

Question 21Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

What is the main legal consequence of unauthorised construction under Armenian law?

  1. Demolition at the builder's expense Correct answer.
  2. Transfer of the object to the community as compensation
  3. A one-time fine that makes the construction lawful
  4. Automatic registration of ownership in the cadastre

Explanation

Unauthorised construction does not create rights, and it is subject to demolition by the violator's means or at the violator's expense, unless the law or a court permits legalisation in the established procedure. Administrative liability is an additional but separate consequence.

Question 22Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

A plot is designated in the community general plan as a green zone. Which statement is correct?

  1. A permit cannot be granted because the use contradicts the plan Correct answer.
  2. The community head may issue the permit, since permits are independent of the plan
  3. The investor may freely choose the use of the plot regardless of zoning
  4. The general plan is binding on state bodies only, not on private owners

Explanation

Functional zoning in the general plan is binding for the issuance of permits, so a residential object in a green zone contradicts the permitted use. The plan must first be amended in the prescribed procedure before such construction can be authorised.

Question 23Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

A community's urban development regulation conflicts with a requirement of the Law on Urban Development. Which norm applies?

  1. Neither, so the parties may choose the applicable rule
  2. The community regulation, because it was adopted later
  3. The law, since community acts must conform to it Correct answer.
  4. The community regulation, because it is more specific

Explanation

Local self-government acts are adopted within the limits set by law and cannot contradict it, so a contrary provision is not applied and must be brought into conformity. This follows from the hierarchy of normative acts in Armenian law.

Question 24Urban development and construction legislation, permitting and licensing

Which of the following works on an existing building requires a construction permit?

  1. Repainting the facade in the same colour
  2. Reconstruction altering volume or structural elements Correct answer.
  3. Routine cleaning of the roof from snow
  4. Replacing interior plumbing fixtures

Explanation

A permit is required where the works change the parameters of the object or affect its structural safety, which is the case for reconstruction and new construction. Ordinary maintenance and cosmetic repair that leave those parameters unchanged fall outside the permit requirement.

Question 25Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

Which Armenian law provides the general legal framework for mandatory technical requirements for products and processes?

  1. The Law on Technical Regulation Correct answer.
  2. The Tax Code of the Republic of Armenia
  3. The Civil Code of the Republic of Armenia
  4. The Law on Licensing

Explanation

The Law on Technical Regulation is the framework act that defines technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment in Armenia. It establishes how mandatory requirements are adopted and applied. The Civil Code, licensing law and Tax Code govern other relationships.

Question 26Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

Under Armenian technical regulation legislation, how are national standards generally applied?

  1. They are binding only for public buildings.
  2. They are mandatory for every construction site regardless of reference.
  3. They replace technical regulations after five years.
  4. They are voluntary unless made mandatory by a technical regulation or contract. Correct answer.

Explanation

Under the technical regulation framework, standards are voluntary documents. They become binding for a particular transaction when a technical regulation or a contract refers to them. They do not automatically become mandatory for all sites.

Question 27Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

Technical regulations in Armenia are adopted primarily to protect which set of interests?

  1. Safety of life, health, property and the environment Correct answer.
  2. Administrative salaries, staffing levels and office procedures
  3. Market prices, profit margins, import quotas and domestic market shares
  4. Political party funding and election procedures

Explanation

Technical regulations are adopted to protect life, health, property and the environment and to prevent misleading practices. They are not instruments for price control or political administration.

Question 28Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

What is the main function of Armenian construction norms (շինարարական նորմեր, ՇՆ)?

  1. To set recommended marketing labels and advertising colors for construction products
  2. To describe optional architectural styles for private houses
  3. To list historical monuments in each region
  4. To establish mandatory technical requirements for design and construction Correct answer.

Explanation

Construction norms establish mandatory technical requirements for design, construction and operation of buildings and structures. They support safety, serviceability and compliance with technical regulations. They are not marketing or historical-register documents.

Question 29Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

Which seismic intensity scale is traditionally used in Armenian construction norms for describing seismic hazard?

  1. The Beaufort scale
  2. The Richter magnitude scale
  3. The Saffir-Simpson scale
  4. The MSK-64 scale Correct answer.

Explanation

Armenian seismic construction norms describe hazard using seismic intensity on the MSK-64 scale. Richter expresses earthquake magnitude, not local intensity. Beaufort and Saffir-Simpson describe wind and tropical cyclones.

Question 30Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

For which activity is a construction permit normally required under Armenian urban development rules?

  1. Installation of freestanding furniture
  2. New construction or reconstruction of a real estate object Correct answer.
  3. Interior painting of an apartment without layout changes
  4. Routine cleaning of a building facade

Explanation

A construction permit is required before starting new construction or reconstruction of a real estate object. It confirms that the project may proceed under urban development rules. Minor maintenance and furniture installation do not require such a permit.

Question 31Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

What document normally records that a completed construction object is accepted for operation?

  1. A seismic microzonation map
  2. An acceptance act approved by the acceptance commission Correct answer.
  3. A fire safety instruction
  4. A product certification certificate

Explanation

Acceptance of a completed object is recorded by an acceptance act approved by the acceptance commission. This act documents that the object is ready for operation. Product certificates, fire instructions and seismic maps serve other purposes.

Question 32Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

A national standard and a technical regulation contain different requirements for the same product. Which statement reflects the hierarchy?

  1. The technical regulation prevails because its requirements are mandatory. Correct answer.
  2. The local municipality decides which document applies.
  3. The two documents have equal force and the builder chooses.
  4. The standard prevails because it is more detailed.

Explanation

A technical regulation contains mandatory requirements adopted by law or government decree. A standard is generally voluntary and cannot override the regulation. If a standard is referenced, it is applied within the regulation's mandatory framework.

Question 33Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

In Armenian conformity assessment, what distinguishes certification from a declaration of conformity?

  1. Third-party assessment by an accredited body versus the supplier's own declaration Correct answer.
  2. Certification is voluntary in every case, while a declaration is mandatory for all products placed on the market.
  3. A declaration is always issued by the state expert body.
  4. Certification is issued only by a municipal council.

Explanation

Certification normally involves assessment by an accredited third party, while a declaration is made by the supplier on its own responsibility. Both are conformity assessment procedures used when a technical regulation requires them. Neither is automatically mandatory for every product.

Question 34Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

What is the main purpose of state market surveillance in the technical regulation system?

  1. To issue passports to construction workers
  2. To check that products placed on the market comply with mandatory requirements Correct answer.
  3. To set the retail price of construction materials
  4. To approve the architectural concept of every private house

Explanation

Market surveillance checks products already placed on the market for compliance with mandatory requirements. It protects consumers and fair competition. It does not set prices, approve private architecture or issue worker passports.

Question 35Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

What does accreditation of a conformity assessment body confirm?

  1. That the body can exempt products from technical regulations and issue permanent permits
  2. That the body is competent to perform specified conformity assessment tasks Correct answer.
  3. That the body has the lowest prices for testing services
  4. That the body is owned by the central government

Explanation

Accreditation is an independent attestation that a conformity assessment body is competent to perform specified tasks. It is based on standards such as ISO/IEC 17025 or 17065. It does not grant exemptions from technical regulations.

Question 36Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

Under Armenian urban development practice, when is state expert examination of design documentation normally required?

  1. For every interior decoration project, regardless of scale, cost or structural impact
  2. Only when the owner requests it voluntarily
  3. For categories defined by law, such as hazardous or important objects Correct answer.
  4. Only after the object has been put into operation

Explanation

State expert examination is required for categories of design documentation defined by law, typically including hazardous or important objects. It checks compliance with norms before construction. It is not a universal requirement for every small interior project.

Question 37Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

What is the role of author's supervision (հեղինակային հսկողություն) during construction?

  1. To set the final market price of the completed building
  2. To ensure that construction follows the approved design documentation Correct answer.
  3. To sell construction materials to the contractor
  4. To replace the state construction inspectorate

Explanation

Author's supervision is carried out by the designer to ensure that construction follows the approved design. It does not replace state supervision or commercial supply. It helps resolve design-related issues during construction.

Question 38Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

What does seismic microzonation add to general seismic zoning for a construction site?

  1. It determines the market value of the building
  2. It replaces the need for structural design calculations
  3. It refines site-specific seismic intensity and soil conditions Correct answer.
  4. It sets the working hours of construction workers

Explanation

General seismic zoning gives regional hazard, while microzonation refines intensity and soil effects for a specific site. These results are used in design seismic action. Microzonation does not replace structural calculation or set market value.

Question 39Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

Which requirement is typical for fire safety in building design under Armenian construction norms?

  1. Escape routes and fire resistance suited to use and size Correct answer.
  2. All buildings must have identical fire alarm systems.
  3. Fire safety requirements apply only to wooden buildings.
  4. Fire safety is considered only after the building is occupied.

Explanation

Fire safety norms require means of escape, compartmentation and fire resistance related to the building's use and size. These requirements are considered during design and before occupancy. They are not limited to wooden buildings or identical alarm systems.

Question 40Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

What does accessibility design for persons with disabilities require in public buildings?

  1. Removal of all stairs from every building
  2. Separate entrances used only by persons with disabilities
  3. Accessibility features only in hospital buildings
  4. Accessible routes, entrances and sanitary facilities Correct answer.

Explanation

Accessibility norms require accessible routes, entrances, sanitary facilities and other features in public buildings. The aim is equal use by persons with disabilities, not separate segregated entrances. Stairs cannot simply be removed from every building.

Question 41Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

How are energy efficiency requirements for buildings typically enforced in Armenian construction norms?

  1. Through municipal control of household appliance brands
  2. Through post-occupancy fines for high electricity bills
  3. Through voluntary advertising claims by developers
  4. Through thermal and energy criteria in building design Correct answer.

Explanation

Building energy efficiency is addressed through design criteria for thermal performance, envelope and building services. Compliance is checked through design review and construction control. It is not enforced through advertising claims or household appliance brand control.

Question 42Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

Why must measuring instruments used for construction quality control be properly verified or calibrated?

  1. To make them more expensive than unverified instruments
  2. To ensure that test results are reliable and traceable Correct answer.
  3. To transfer responsibility to the instrument manufacturer
  4. To allow the contractor to avoid all laboratory testing

Explanation

Verification or calibration establishes traceability and reliability of measurements used in construction quality control. This supports valid test results and decisions. It does not transfer responsibility to manufacturers or remove the need for testing.

Question 43Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

A developer wants to change the load-bearing structure of an approved building. What is the correct regulatory approach?

  1. Obtain a revised design and required re-approval before construction Correct answer.
  2. Wait until the change is discovered during final acceptance
  3. Proceed because structural changes are outside technical regulation
  4. Proceed if the contractor agrees orally

Explanation

Structural changes require a revised design and, where applicable, re-approval or expert review before work proceeds. Uncontrolled changes can compromise safety and violate construction norms. Oral contractor consent is not a regulatory substitute.

Question 44Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

Which statement best describes the relationship between Armenian technical regulations and international standards?

  1. International standards are prohibited in construction design.
  2. International standards automatically replace national technical regulations.
  3. Only standards from the former USSR may be referenced in Armenian construction norms.
  4. They may guide norms, but mandatory requirements come from regulations Correct answer.

Explanation

International standards can inform Armenian norms and be referenced, but mandatory requirements are set by technical regulations. They do not automatically replace regulations. Armenian norms are not limited to former USSR standards.

Question 45Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

In seismic design under Armenian norms, which factors normally influence the design seismic action for a building?

  1. The building's market price and rental yield
  2. The color of the facade and the number of parking spaces
  3. The contractor's annual turnover and advertising budget
  4. Seismicity of the site, soil conditions and importance of the structure Correct answer.

Explanation

Design seismic action depends on site seismicity, local soil conditions and the importance class of the structure. These factors are combined in seismic design according to norms. Facade color, contractor turnover and market yield are not seismic design parameters.

Question 46Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

A product bears a conformity mark under a technical regulation. What does this normally indicate?

  1. The product is exempt from all future inspection and surveillance
  2. The product has a lifetime warranty
  3. It conforms to the applicable mandatory requirements Correct answer.
  4. The product was manufactured in Armenia

Explanation

A conformity mark indicates that the product has been assessed against the applicable mandatory requirements. It is not a mark of origin, lifetime warranty or permanent exemption from inspection. Market surveillance may still check the product.

Question 47Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

Which action is consistent with the principle of technology neutrality in technical regulations?

  1. Requiring a particular foreign supplier's certificate for every batch
  2. Requiring one specific brand of cement by name
  3. Banning all imported construction products
  4. Specifying performance outcomes instead of a proprietary product Correct answer.

Explanation

Technology neutrality means technical regulations should specify performance and safety outcomes rather than proprietary brands. This avoids unnecessary barriers to trade and competition. Naming one supplier or banning imports is contrary to this principle.

Question 48Technical regulation, construction norms and standards

During state construction supervision, what is the inspector's proper role regarding approved design documentation?

  1. To redesign the project according to the inspector's preferences
  2. To negotiate a lower contract price for the client
  3. To certify the contractor's financial statements
  4. To verify compliance with mandatory requirements and approved documentation Correct answer.

Explanation

State construction supervision verifies that construction complies with mandatory requirements and approved documentation. The inspector does not redesign the project or certify financial statements. Contract price negotiation is outside supervisory authority.

Question 49Seismic engineering and structural safety

In the equivalent static method, the design seismic base shear is primarily determined from which quantities?

  1. Live load and occupancy type only
  2. Foundation bearing capacity and soil density
  3. Building height and wind pressure combined
  4. Seismic weight and base shear coefficient Correct answer.

Explanation

The equivalent static base shear is the product of the seismic weight and a base shear coefficient. That coefficient depends on spectral acceleration, fundamental period, site class, importance, and behavior factors. Wind pressure and foundation bearing capacity belong to other design checks.

Question 50Seismic engineering and structural safety

What does the seismic importance factor represent in building design?

  1. A multiplier raising seismic action for high-consequence structures Correct answer.
  2. A reduction factor accounting for structural ductility and overstrength
  3. The fraction of seismic weight assumed to be carried by the roof
  4. The ratio of dead load to live load in gravity combinations

Explanation

The importance factor increases the design seismic action for structures whose failure would cause severe consequences or disrupt essential functions. It is separate from the behavior factor, which accounts for ductility and overstrength. It does not describe load ratios or mass distribution.