Galicia PAU Greek II key terms

Noun meaning word, speech, account, or rational argument; in Attic prose it often names a reasoned explanation, and in philosophy it denotes reason or principle. Recognize its stem λογ- in Spanish/Galician words like lógica and filología.

City-state, the basic political unit of classical Greece; also the citizen body and its institutions. Its stem πολιτ- yields política and policía. Genitive πόλεως is a common third-declension form tested in morphological analysis.

The people, the common citizenry, or a district/deme of Attica. In Athenian democracy it denotes the sovereign assembly of citizens. Recognize it in δημοκρατία (democracy) and in compounds like δημόσιος (public).

The Athenian assembly of citizens with voting rights, meeting on the Pnyx to decide laws, war, and policy. The word passes into Christian usage as 'church'. Recognize the prefix ἐκ- plus καλέω, 'to call out'.

Orator or public speaker; in Athens a citizen trained to address the assembly or courts, often a professional politician. The root ῥη- (speak) underlies ῥητορική, rhetoric. Distinguish from λόγος, the speech itself.

A speech delivered before the people, especially a political address in the assembly, as opposed to a forensic court speech. Thucydides composes such speeches for his characters. From δῆμος plus ἀγορεύω, 'to speak in public'.

Inquiry or investigation; by extension the written account produced by research, hence 'history'. Herodotus opens his work by calling it ἱστορίη. Recognize the stem in Spanish/Galician historia and historiografía.

Athenian historian of the Peloponnesian War, author of the unfinished History in eight books. Famous for the Melian Dialogue and Pericles' Funeral Oration; writes in dense, antithetical Attic prose often set for translation.

Historian from Halicarnassus, author of the Histories on the Persian Wars. Writes in Ionic dialect with ethnographic digressions; his prose is simpler than Thucydides' and useful for early translation practice.

Athenian historian and pupil of Socrates, author of the Anabasis, Hellenica, and Memorabilia. His clear, plain Attic is the standard model for prose composition and is frequently set in translation exams.

Athenian philosopher executed in 399 BCE, known through Plato's dialogues; he wrote nothing himself. His method of questioning (elenchus) and his trial are central topics in Plato's Apology and Xenophon's Memorabilia.

Athenian philosopher, pupil of Socrates and founder of the Academy, author of dialogues such as the Apology, Republic, and Phaedo. His Attic prose mixes narrative and argument; the Apology is a common exam text.

Love of wisdom, the systematic inquiry into reality, knowledge, and ethics. From φιλέω (love) plus σοφία (wisdom). Recognize the compound in Spanish/Galician filosofía, and note the abstract noun suffix -ία.

Excellence or virtue; the quality that makes a thing fulfill its function, applied to warriors, citizens, or the soul. A key ethical term in Plato and in funeral orations. First-declension feminine in -η with genitive ἀρετῆς.

Justice, custom, or a legal suit; personified as a goddess. It contrasts with βία (force) in political argument. Recognize the stem in Spanish/Galician justicia via Latin ius, and in Greek compounds like δικαιοσύνη.

A decree voted by the assembly, as distinct from a law (νόμος) made by nomothetai. From ψηφίζομαι, 'to vote with a pebble'. Recognize the -μα suffix marking the result of an action.

Law, custom, or convention; in Athens a written statute, in philosophy the norm opposed to φύσις (nature). Second-declension masculine. Recognize the stem in Spanish/Galician economía and astronomía via νόμος as 'rule'.

The marketplace and civic center of a Greek city, where trade, debate, and legal business occurred. From ἀγείρω, 'to gather'. Recognize the stem in Spanish/Galician ágora and in ἀγορεύω, 'to speak publicly'.

General or commander; in Athens one of ten annually elected military officers who also held political influence, as Pericles did. Compound of στρατός (army) and ἄγω (lead). Recognize στρατ- in estrategia.

Ship; a third-declension irregular noun with stem νη- (genitive νεώς, accusative ναῦν). Central to Athenian naval power and to Thucydides' account of the Sicilian expedition. Recognize ναυ- in náutica and nausear.

Human being, person, as distinct from god or beast. Second-declension masculine/feminine. Recognize the stem ἀνθρωπ- in Spanish/Galician antropología and filantropía. Frequent in philosophical definitions of the human as a rational or political animal.

Work, deed, or function; often paired antithetically with λόγος (word) or ἔπος. In Plato it names the characteristic activity of a thing. Second-declension neuter; recognize the stem in energía and ergonómico.

Pleasure, enjoyment; a central term in ethical debate between hedonists and their critics. First-declension feminine in -η. Recognize the stem ἡδον- in hedonismo and hedonista in Spanish and Galician.

A denial or negative statement; in logic the proposition that predicates something of a subject negatively, opposed to κατάφασις (affirmation). From ἀπο- plus φημί. Recognize the -σις suffix forming abstract action nouns.

A foundation, proposal, or premise; in prose it can mean the subject or theme of a speech. From ὑπό (under) plus τίθημι (place). Recognize the stem in Spanish/Galician hipótesis and hipotético.

Participle, literally 'sharing' in both nominal and verbal features; also participation. A key morphological category in Greek, declined like an adjective but taking tense and voice. Recognize the term in Gramática as 'participle'.

Pronoun-adjective meaning 'self' or 'same'; in the oblique cases alone it functions as the third-person pronoun 'him, her, it'. Its position and accent (αὐτός vs αὑτός) matter for translation and are commonly tested.

Correlative particles structuring a contrast: μέν marks the first member ('on the one hand'), δέ the second ('on the other'). They are not translated as 'but' mechanically; recognizing the pair is essential for parsing long Thucydidean sentences.

Conjunction meaning 'when, since, after'; it introduces temporal or causal subordinate clauses, usually with the indicative or optative in past narrative. Distinguish from ἐπειδή, the fuller form common in historians.

Conjunction introducing a subordinate clause: 'that' after verbs of saying or thinking, or 'because' in causal use. With the indicative it reports fact; with the optative it reports indirect discourse after a past main verb.

Conditional particle meaning 'if'. With the indicative it forms open conditions; with the optative, remote or potential conditions; with the aorist indicative in both clauses, past counterfactual conditions. Central to syntactic analysis questions.

Untranslatable modal particle marking potentiality or indefiniteness, used with the optative, subjunctive, and past indicative. Its presence changes the mood analysis of a clause, so identifying it is a standard exam step.

Verb 'to be'; irregular and extremely frequent, with present εἰμί, imperfect ἦν, future ἔσομαι. Also functions as a copula and in periphrastic perfect forms. Its enclitic present forms (ἐστί, εἰσί) require accent rules.

Verb 'to have, hold'; also 'be in a certain state' with adverbs, and in the aorist ἔσχον. Middle ἔχομαι means 'hold on to' or 'be adjacent'. A high-frequency verb whose tense stems (σχ-, σχη-) appear in compounds.

Verb 'to make, do, produce'; contracted present ποιῶ, aorist ἐποίησα. Common in historians and orators, often in the middle ποιέομαι, 'consider' or 'cause for oneself'. Recognize the stem in poema and poesía.

Verb 'to become, happen, be born'; aorist ἐγενόμην, perfect γέγονα. Extremely common in narrative for events and in expressions like 'it happened that'. Recognize the root γεν- in génesis, genético, and generación.

Verb 'to hear, listen to'; takes the genitive of the person heard and the accusative of the thing. Future ἀκούσομαι, aorist ἤκουσα. Recognize the stem ἀκου- in acústica and acusmático in Spanish and Galician.

A speech in defense, especially Socrates' defense before the Athenian jury, as in Plato's Apology. From ἀπό (away) plus λόγος. Recognize the stem in Spanish/Galician apología, which shifted to mean 'praise' or 'defense'.

An accusation in court, or in logic a predication or category. From κατά (against) plus ἀγορεύω (speak publicly). Recognize the double life of the term in Spanish/Galician categoría and in the legal sense 'accusation'.

Democracy, literally 'power of the people'; the Athenian system of the fifth and fourth centuries with assembly, council, and jury courts. Compound of δῆμος and κράτος (power). Recognize the stem in Spanish/Galician democracia.