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Galicia PAU Greek II study materials
Galicia PAU Greek II study resources

Galicia PAU Greek II practice questions

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Question 1Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In an Attic Greek prose passage for the Galicia PAU translation, you meet the form λέλυκε. Which parsing is correct?

  1. third person singular aorist active indicative of λύω
  2. third person singular perfect active indicative of λύω Correct answer.
  3. third person singular pluperfect active indicative of λύω
  4. third person singular present active indicative of λύω

Explanation

Reduplication with initial consonant plus -κ- ending marks the perfect active: λέ-λυ-κε is 'he/she/it has loosed'. The aorist of λύω is ἔλυσε(ν) without reduplication, and the present is λύει.

Question 2Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

While translating a narrative passage you read: ὁ στρατηγὸς τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐκέλευσε τὴν γέφυραν λῦσαι. How is λῦσαι functioning?

  1. future active infinitive expressing purpose
  2. aorist participle agreeing with τοὺς στρατιώτας
  3. aorist active infinitive completing ἐκέλευσε Correct answer.
  4. aorist active imperative addressed to the soldiers

Explanation

Verbs of ordering such as κελεύω take an accusative of the person plus an infinitive of the commanded action; λῦσαι is the aorist active infinitive 'to destroy'. The accusative τοὺς στρατιώτας is the subject of that infinitive, not its agent of a participle.

Question 3Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

You encounter the clause ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀφίκοντο εἰς τὴν κώμην. Which translation of ἀφίκοντο is right?

  1. they were arriving
  2. they will arrive
  3. they had arrived
  4. they arrived Correct answer.

Explanation

ἀφίκοντο is aorist middle indicative of ἀφικνέομαι, denoting a completed action: 'they arrived'. The aorist in a temporal clause with ἐπεί normally presents the event as a simple fact.

Question 4Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι πρέσβεις ἔπεμψαν περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης, what case is εἰρήνης and why?

  1. nominative singular in apposition to πρέσβεις
  2. genitive singular governed by the preposition περὶ meaning 'about' Correct answer.
  3. accusative singular as direct object of ἔπεμψαν
  4. dative singular of means with περὶ meaning 'by'

Explanation

The preposition περί takes the genitive when it means 'about, concerning'. The noun εἰρήνης is therefore genitive singular, and the phrase modifies the embassy's purpose.

Question 5Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

The participle in οἱ δὲ πολῖται ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες ἐθορύβησαν should be translated how?

  1. the citizens, about to hear these things, raised a clamour
  2. the citizens heard these things and raised a clamour only later
  3. the citizens, who were hearing these things, raised a clamour
  4. having heard these things, the citizens raised a clamour Correct answer.

Explanation

ἀκούσαντες is an aorist active participle, nominative plural, agreeing with οἱ πολῖται; the aorist participle normally expresses action prior to the main verb, hence 'having heard'. The main verb ἐθορύβησαν is the finite event.

Question 6Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

Which form is the correct dative plural of the third-declension noun φύλαξ ('guard')?

  1. φύλακοις
  2. φύλαξιν οὗτοι
  3. φύλαξι(ν) Correct answer.
  4. φύλακες

Explanation

Third-declension stems in -κ take -σι(ν) in the dative plural, so φύλαξ gives φύλαξι(ν). The movable nu is added before vowels or at pause.

Question 7Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the clause εἰ ταῦτα ποιήσειας, πάντες σε ἐπαινέσονται, what does the optative ποιήσειας express?

  1. a past counterfactual, 'if you had done this'
  2. a simple present fact, 'if you do this'
  3. an indirect question, 'whether you would do this'
  4. a future less vivid condition, 'if you were to do this' Correct answer.

Explanation

An optative in the protasis with an indicative future (here ἐπαινέσονται) in the apodosis forms the future less vivid condition. It presents the case as remote or hypothetical, not as a past unreal situation.

Question 8Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

The word ἄνθρωπος in the phrase ἄνθρωπός τις ἀφίκετο should best be rendered:

  1. mankind arrived
  2. a certain man arrived Correct answer.
  3. the man arrived
  4. some men arrived

Explanation

The indefinite enclitic τις after a noun gives 'a certain, some one'. ἄνθρωπος singular with τις therefore means 'a certain man', typically introducing a new character in narrative.

Question 9Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

Which translation correctly renders the genitive absolute in τούτων λεχθέντων οἱ στρατιῶται ἀνεχώρησαν?

  1. when these things had been said, the soldiers withdrew Correct answer.
  2. these things were said by the soldiers who withdrew
  3. although the soldiers withdrew, these things were said
  4. the soldiers said these things and withdrew

Explanation

A genitive absolute consists of a participle and noun in the genitive grammatically independent of the main clause; here λεχθέντων is aorist passive 'having been said'. It is rendered as a subordinate clause of time or circumstance.

Question 10Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

What is the function of the accusative in ὀλίγας ἡμέρας ἔμειναν?

  1. accusative of extent of time Correct answer.
  2. accusative after a preposition
  3. accusative of respect
  4. accusative direct object

Explanation

A duration of time is expressed by the accusative without a preposition, answering 'how long'. ὀλίγας ἡμέρας therefore means 'for a few days'.

Question 11Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence οὐκ ἔφη εἰδέναι τὸ πρᾶγμα, how should ἔφη be understood?

  1. 'he said that he did not know', with the negative belonging to the infinitive Correct answer.
  2. 'he was said not to know', a passive impersonal
  3. 'he denied knowing', with the negative belonging to ἔφη
  4. 'he did not say that he knew', a negated main verb

Explanation

With φημί the negative οὐ normally negates the infinitive rather than the verb of saying, so οὐκ ἔφη εἰδέναι means 'he said he did not know'. The infinitive εἰδέναι is the complement of ἔφη.

Question 12Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

Which form is the correct aorist passive third person singular of λύω?

  1. ἐλύετο
  2. ἐλύθη Correct answer.
  3. ἔλυσε
  4. λέλυται

Explanation

The aorist passive adds -θη- to the stem with augment: ἐ-λύ-θη. The ending -η marks the third singular.

Question 13Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase τοῖς παροῦσι καιροῖς χρώμενοι, how is τοῖς παροῦσι καιροῖς best construed?

  1. dative of agent with a passive participle
  2. accusative object of χρώμενοι
  3. dative complement of the participle χρώμενοι, 'using the present circumstances' Correct answer.
  4. genitive absolute equivalent

Explanation

χράομαι takes the dative of the thing used, so τοῖς παροῦσι καιροῖς is its dative complement, 'making use of the present circumstances'. παροῦσι is a present participle used adjectivally with καιροῖς.

Question 14Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

You read: μετὰ δὲ τὴν μάχην οἱ ἡττηθέντες ἀπέφυγον. Which translation of οἱ ἡττηθέντες is correct?

  1. those who had been defeated Correct answer.
  2. those who had defeated
  3. those who would be defeated
  4. those who were defeating

Explanation

ἡττηθέντες is an aorist passive participle, nominative plural, used substantivally with the article: 'the ones having been defeated'. The -θε- suffix marks the passive.

Question 15Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

Which is the correct parsing of the form βεβουλευμένος?

  1. perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine
  2. present middle/passive participle, nominative singular masculine
  3. aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine
  4. perfect middle/passive participle, nominative singular masculine Correct answer.

Explanation

Reduplication plus the -μένος ending produces the perfect middle/passive participle, here βε-βουλευ-μένος. The perfect active participle would instead end in -ώς, -υῖα, -ός.

Question 16Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In Xenophontic narrative you find ὡς δὲ ταῦτα ἤκουσεν, ἀνέστη. How is ὡς used here?

  1. as a subordinating conjunction meaning 'when, as soon as' Correct answer.
  2. as a final conjunction meaning 'in order that'
  3. as a comparative adverb meaning 'as'
  4. as a preposition meaning 'to'

Explanation

With a finite verb in a temporal clause, ὡς commonly means 'when, after'. Here it introduces the clause ταῦτα ἤκουσεν and is followed by the main verb ἀνέστη.

Question 17Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

Which translation correctly captures the force of the double negative in οὐδεὶς οὐκ ἦλθεν?

  1. nobody came
  2. someone did not come
  3. everyone came Correct answer.
  4. no one did not want to come

Explanation

In Greek two negatives reinforce rather than cancel each other, so οὐδεὶς οὐκ ἦλθεν means 'no one failed to come', i.e. everyone came. This differs from standard English double-negative logic.

Question 18Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase ἀξιός ἐστι τῆς τιμῆς, what does the genitive τῆς τιμῆς depend on?

  1. an omitted preposition that governs the genitive
  2. the noun τιμῆς as a partitive after ἐστι
  3. the adjective ἄξιος, which takes the genitive of value Correct answer.
  4. the verb ἐστι, which takes a genitive of possession

Explanation

ἄξιος 'worthy' takes the genitive of the thing one is worthy of, so τῆς τιμῆς means 'of the honour'. The genitive is governed by the adjective, not by the copula.

Question 19Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

Which form is the correct present infinitive middle/passive of παιδεύω?

  1. πεπαιδεῦσθαι
  2. παιδεύειν
  3. παιδεῦσαι
  4. παιδεύεσθαι Correct answer.

Explanation

The present middle/passive infinitive is formed from the present stem with -εσθαι: παιδεύ-ε-σθαι. The active counterpart is παιδεύειν.

Question 20Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

A passage reads: ἠρώτησεν αὐτὸν πότεροι ἀδικώτεροι εἶεν. How should the optative εἶεν be explained?

  1. it is a deliberative optative in direct question
  2. it is a wish for the future
  3. it is a potential optative with ἄν understood
  4. it is retained in an indirect question after a secondary tense Correct answer.

Explanation

In indirect questions introduced by a past-tense verb of asking, an original indicative may be replaced by the optative by assimilation to the secondary tense. εἶεν is therefore the oblique optative in indirect speech.

Question 21Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

The particle combination μὲν ... δέ in οἱ μὲν ἔμειναν, οἱ δὲ ἀπῆλθον signals:

  1. a contrast between two groups, 'on the one hand ... on the other' Correct answer.
  2. a temporal sequence, 'first ... then'
  3. a single unified action of one group
  4. a causal relation, 'because ... therefore'

Explanation

The correlative pair μὲν ... δέ marks a contrast or antithesis between two parallel clauses or items. Here it distinguishes those who stayed from those who left.

Question 22Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence τοὺς νεανίας ἐπαίδευσεν, ὅπως ἀγαθοὶ πολῖται γένοιντο, why is γένοιντο optative?

  1. it is a future less vivid apodosis
  2. it is in an indirect command/purpose clause after a secondary tense Correct answer.
  3. it is a potential optative in a main clause
  4. it is an optative of wish

Explanation

Purpose clauses after a secondary-tense main verb normally take the optative without ἄν, here with ὅπως. The optative γένοιντο marks the intended result after the aorist ἐπαίδευσεν.

Question 23Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

Which is the correct translation of the articular infinitive in διὰ τὸ τὴν ὁδὸν μακρὰν εἶναι?

  1. so that the road might be long
  2. although the road was long
  3. because the road was long Correct answer.
  4. in order to make the road long

Explanation

The neuter article τό with an infinitive forms an articular infinitive, and with διά plus the accusative it expresses cause: 'because of the road being long'. The accusative τὴν ὁδὸν is the subject of the infinitive.

Question 24Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

The verb ἀποκρίνομαι in the aorist appears as ἀπεκρινάμην. What grammatical feature does the -α- before the ending show?

  1. the first aorist active with secondary endings
  2. the perfect middle with reduplication
  3. the imperfect of a passive verb
  4. the aorist middle of a deponent verb, formed with the -α- suffix Correct answer.

Explanation

ἀποκρίνομαι is deponent, so its aorist is middle in form but active in meaning: ἀπ-ε-κρινάμην 'I answered'. The -α- marks the first aorist middle stem.

Question 25Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase ἔλεγε τοὺς Ἕλληνας νικᾶν, what is the construction and meaning?

  1. accusative and infinitive after a verb of saying, 'he said that the Greeks were winning' Correct answer.
  2. indirect command, 'he ordered the Greeks to win'
  3. nominative and infinitive, 'the Greeks are said to win'
  4. participle construction, 'speaking, the Greeks won'

Explanation

Verbs of saying may take an accusative subject with an infinitive in indirect statement: τοὺς Ἕλληνας is the accusative subject of the infinitive νικᾶν. The present infinitive reflects the same time as the main verb.

Question 26Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the Attic prose sentence οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι, ἐπεὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν γέφυραν ἤκουσαν, εὐθὺς ἀνεχώρησαν, which rendering of the participle clause ἐπεὶ ... ἤκουσαν best fits the narrative?

  1. after the Athenians had been heard by the bridge, they immediately withdrew
  2. although the Athenians heard the news about the bridge, they immediately withdrew
  3. when the Athenians heard the news about the bridge, they immediately withdrew Correct answer.
  4. because the Athenians were about to hear the news about the bridge, they immediately withdrew

Explanation

ἐπεί is a temporal/causal conjunction and with the aorist indicative ἤκουσαν marks a definite past event prior to the main verb, so 'when they heard' is the natural narrative rendering. The subject of ἤκουσαν is οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι as agent of hearing, not the thing heard.

Question 27Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase τοὺς στρατιώτας ἔπεισεν ἀπελθεῖν, how is the infinitive ἀπελθεῖν to be analysed?

  1. infinitive in indirect statement after a verb of saying
  2. infinitive as subject of an impersonal expression
  3. final infinitive expressing purpose on its own
  4. complementary infinitive after a verb of persuading, expressing the content of the persuasion Correct answer.

Explanation

πείθω takes an accusative of the person persuaded plus a complementary infinitive naming what the person is persuaded to do. The infinitive completes the meaning of the main verb rather than forming an independent purpose clause.

Question 28Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence ὁ δὲ Κῦρος, ταῦτα ἀκούσας, τοὺς μὲν φίλους ἐκάλεσεν, τοὺς δὲ πολεμίους ἐφύλαττεν, what does the aorist participle ἀκούσας express in relation to the main verbs?

  1. an action completed before the main verbs, best rendered 'having heard' Correct answer.
  2. a condition contrary to fact, best rendered 'if he had heard'
  3. an action simultaneous with the main verbs, best rendered 'while hearing'
  4. an action repeated over time, best rendered 'whenever he heard'

Explanation

The aorist participle regularly denotes action prior to the main verb, so 'having heard these things' is the standard rendering. The present participle would express simultaneity.

Question 29Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the clause ἵνα μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι λάθωσιν αὐτούς, what is the force of λάθωσιν?

  1. aorist optative of λανθάνω in indirect question
  2. aorist subjunctive of λανθάνω meaning 'escape the notice of' Correct answer.
  3. present subjunctive of λανθάνω meaning 'forget'
  4. future indicative of λανθάνω in a purpose clause

Explanation

ἵνα with μή takes the subjunctive after a primary-tense main verb, and λανθάνω with an accusative object means 'escape the notice of someone'. The aorist subjunctive ending -ωσιν fits the form.

Question 30Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase ὡς ἐν ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ πολλὰ πράξαντες, how should the participle phrase be rendered?

  1. by accomplishing many things in a short time
  2. although they accomplish many things in a short time
  3. about to accomplish many things in a short time
  4. having accomplished many things in a short time Correct answer.

Explanation

The aorist participle πράξαντες with the temporal phrase ἐν ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ denotes completed action and is best rendered 'having done'. The phrase modifies the subject of the main clause as a circumstantial participle.

Question 31Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς στρατεύεσθαι ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους, how is the infinitive στρατεύεσθαι used?

  1. as a purpose infinitive meaning 'in order to march'
  2. as indirect statement after a verb of saying
  3. as the subject of the impersonal ἔδοξεν, 'it seemed good to them to march' Correct answer.
  4. as an imperative replacing a finite command

Explanation

ἔδοξεν is impersonal, 'it seemed good/decided', and the infinitive supplies the content that was decided, functioning as subject. The dative αὐτοῖς names those who decided.

Question 32Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the clause εἰ δὲ τοῦτο γένοιτο, πάντες ἂν ἡμᾶς ἐθαύμασαν, what does the combination of γένοιτο and ἐθαύμασαν with ἄν express?

  1. a future-less-vivid or past counterfactual condition, here best rendered 'if this had happened, all would have admired us' Correct answer.
  2. an indirect question, 'whether this happened'
  3. a wish for the future, 'may this happen'
  4. a simple present general condition, 'if this happens, all admire us'

Explanation

Optative in the protasis with a past indicative plus ἄν in the apodosis produces a past counterfactual (or, in some grammars, a mixed unreal) condition. The sense is that the condition was not fulfilled.

Question 33Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

Which rendering best captures the force of the particle δή in the sentence οὐκοῦν δὴ ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει;

  1. 'These things are certainly not so' - δή negates the clause
  2. 'Perhaps these things are so' - δή adds uncertainty
  3. 'Then these things are so, aren't they?' - δή adds emphasis to the inference Correct answer.
  4. 'Whenever these things are so' - δή marks repetition

Explanation

δή is an emphatic particle reinforcing an inference or conclusion already drawn, often rendered 'then', 'indeed', or 'of course'. Combined with οὐκοῦν it presses the interlocutor to agree.

Question 34Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence οἱ Ἕλληνες, ἐπειδὴ τὰ σῖτα ἐπελιπεν, ἠναγκάσθησαν ἀναχωρῆσαι, what is the best translation of ἠναγκάσθησαν?

  1. they were compelled Correct answer.
  2. they had compelled
  3. they were compelling
  4. they compelled

Explanation

ἠναγκάσθησαν is aorist passive of ἀναγκάζω, so it means 'they were compelled'. The aorist passive ending -θη- signals passive voice with past completed aspect.

Question 35Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase πρὸς τοὺς πρέσβεις ἀφικομένους ὁ στρατηγὸς ἐβουλεύσατο, how is ἀφικομένους best construed?

  1. as a future participle meaning 'about to arrive'
  2. as a finite verb coordinated with ἐβουλεύσατο
  3. as an aorist participle agreeing with τοὺς πρέσβεις, 'when the envoys had arrived' Correct answer.
  4. as an accusative plural of a noun meaning 'arrivals'

Explanation

ἀφικομένους is an aorist middle participle in the accusative plural, agreeing with τοὺς πρέσβεις. It expresses prior action and is rendered 'when/after the envoys had arrived'.

Question 36Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence λέγεται τοὺς Ἀθηναίους νικῆσαι τοὺς Πέρσας, how is the construction to be analysed?

  1. impersonal passive with no logical subject
  2. indirect statement after a verb of saying in the active voice
  3. a purpose clause with a future infinitive
  4. personal passive with a nominative subject and an accusative-and-infinitive complement Correct answer.

Explanation

λέγεται is a passive verb of saying with the accusative τοὺς Ἀθηναίους as subject of the infinitive νικῆσαι, forming an accusative-and-infinitive construction. In English this is usually rendered 'the Athenians are said to have defeated the Persians'.

Question 37Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase ἅμα δὲ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἀναστάντες οἱ στρατιῶται ἐξῆλθον, how should ἅμα δὲ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ be rendered?

  1. 'by day' - a dative of means
  2. 'during the day' - an accusative of extent
  3. 'on the same day' - a genitive of time
  4. 'at daybreak' - a dative of time Correct answer.

Explanation

ἅμα with the dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ marks simultaneous time, idiomatically 'at daybreak' or 'with the day'. The dative is the case regularly used for points of time.

Question 38Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει, ὦ Σώκρατες, ὡς σὺ λέγεις, what is the force of ὡς?

  1. a comparative conjunction introducing the clause 'as you say' Correct answer.
  2. an exclamation meaning 'how'
  3. a final conjunction meaning 'in order that'
  4. a temporal conjunction meaning 'whenever'

Explanation

ὡς here introduces a comparative clause after οὕτως, giving the sense 'not as you say'. The correlative pair οὕτως ... ὡς is standard for comparison.

Question 39Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase οἱ δὲ πολῖται τοῖς ἄρχουσι πειθόμενοι ἡσυχίαν ἦγον, how is πειθόμενοι best rendered?

  1. 'about to obey their rulers' - a future participle
  2. 'obeying their rulers' - a present participle expressing accompanying circumstance Correct answer.
  3. 'having obeyed their rulers' - an aorist participle
  4. 'because they had been obeyed by their rulers' - a passive aorist

Explanation

The present participle πειθόμενοι expresses action simultaneous with the main verb and agrees with the subject οἱ πολῖται. It is rendered 'obeying' and describes the circumstances under which they kept quiet.

Question 40Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence ἠπόρει ὅ τι χρὴ ποιεῖν, what is the construction of ὅ τι χρὴ ποιεῖν?

  1. a causal clause meaning 'because he was doing something'
  2. a conditional clause meaning 'if he should do anything'
  3. a purpose clause meaning 'so that he might do something'
  4. an indirect question depending on ἠπόρει, 'he was at a loss what he should do' Correct answer.

Explanation

ἀπορέω is regularly followed by an indirect question, introduced by an interrogative such as ὅ τι. The infinitive ποιεῖν depends on the impersonal χρή.

Question 41Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the clause ταῦτα δὲ πράξας ὁ Κῦρος τοὺς μὲν φίλους ἐτίμησεν, τοὺς δὲ ἐχθροὺς ἐκόλασεν, what does the participial phrase ταῦτα δὲ πράξας modify?

  1. the whole clause, functioning adverbially without a subject link
  2. the object τοὺς φίλους, describing the friends
  3. the subject ὁ Κῦρος, describing action prior to the main verbs Correct answer.
  4. the noun ἐχθρούς, describing the enemies

Explanation

A circumstantial participle agrees with the subject of the main clause unless context indicates otherwise; here πράξας is nominative singular and refers to Cyrus. It marks action completed before the main verbs.

Question 42Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence ὁ δῆμος τοὺς τυράννους ἐξήλασεν, ὅπως μηκέτι τυραννεύσοιντο, what is the mood and meaning of τυραννεύσοιντο?

  1. future indicative of τυραννεύω, 'they will no longer be tyrants'
  2. perfect optative of τυραννεύω, 'they had been tyrants'
  3. present subjunctive of τυραννεύω, 'so that they are not tyrants'
  4. aorist optative of τυραννεύω in a secondary-tense purpose clause, 'so that they might no longer be ruled by tyrants' Correct answer.

Explanation

After a secondary-tense main verb (ἐξήλασεν), purpose clauses with ὅπως take the optative. The middle form τυραννεύσοιντο here is best taken as passive, 'be ruled by tyrants', matching the sense of the sentence.

Question 43Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase διὰ τοῦτο ἐπολέμησαν, ὅτι οἱ σύμμαχοι αὐτοὺς ἠδίκησαν, how is the ὅτι clause to be classified?

  1. an indirect question meaning 'whether they wronged them'
  2. a causal clause with the indicative, giving the stated reason Correct answer.
  3. a clause of fearing after a verb of fear
  4. a temporal clause meaning 'after they wronged them'

Explanation

ὅτι with the indicative after a main clause, especially with διὰ τοῦτο, introduces a causal clause giving the reason. The indicative ἠδίκησαν presents the reason as a fact.

Question 44Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς τοὺς μὲν εὐτάκτους ἐπῄνει, τοὺς δὲ ἀτακτοῦντας ἐκόλαζεν, what does the contrast between the two participial nouns show?

  1. a conditional relationship between the two clauses
  2. a single group described twice for emphasis
  3. a μέν ... δέ antithesis contrasting two groups distinguished by their behaviour Correct answer.
  4. a temporal sequence of two separate events

Explanation

The μέν ... δέ pair marks a contrast between two categories, here the orderly and the disorderly soldiers. Each participle functions as a substantival noun with the article.

Question 45Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence πολλὰ ἔτη ἐν τῇ ἀποικίᾳ ἔμειναν, how is πολλὰ ἔτη best analysed?

  1. accusative of extent of time, 'for many years' Correct answer.
  2. dative of time at which, 'in many years'
  3. genitive of time within which, 'within many years'
  4. nominative subject of ἔμειναν, 'many years remained'

Explanation

The accusative case expresses duration or extent of time, so πολλὰ ἔτη means 'for many years'. The verb ἔμειναν has its own subject understood from context.

Question 46Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase εἰ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα ἀληθῆ ἐστιν, εὖ ἂν ἔχοι, what does the combination of εἰ with the indicative and ἂν ἔχοι express?

  1. a past counterfactual condition, 'if this had been true, it would have been well'
  2. an indirect question, 'whether this is true'
  3. a wish for the past, 'if only this had been true'
  4. a present or future open condition with a potential apodosis, 'if this is true, it would be well' Correct answer.

Explanation

εἰ with the indicative in the protasis and ἄν with the optative in the apodosis forms an open condition with a potential conclusion. The speaker leaves the truth of the condition open.

Question 47Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence οὐδεὶς ἂν εἴποι ὅσον χρόνον ἐπολιορκοῦντο, how is the sequence of moods to be explained?

  1. potential optative in the main clause with an indirect question retaining the imperfect indicative Correct answer.
  2. imperative in the main clause with a causal clause
  3. future indicative in the main clause with a direct question
  4. aorist subjunctive in the main clause with a purpose clause

Explanation

The main clause uses the potential optative εἴποι with ἄν, 'no one could say'. The indirect question introduced by ὅσον retains the original imperfect indicative ἐπολιορκοῦντο because the question reports an ongoing state.

Question 48Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the phrase τῶν δὲ στρατιωτῶν οἱ μὲν ἀπέθανον, οἱ δὲ διεσώθησαν, how is the genitive τῶν στρατιωτῶν best explained?

  1. a genitive of value meaning 'worth the soldiers'
  2. a genitive absolute with no link to the main clause
  3. a genitive of possession meaning 'the soldiers' own'
  4. a partitive genitive depending on the following οἱ μέν ... οἱ δέ, 'of the soldiers, some ... others' Correct answer.

Explanation

The genitive after οἱ μέν ... οἱ δέ expresses the whole of which the groups are parts, the so-called partitive genitive. It is rendered 'of the soldiers, some ... others'.

Question 49Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence ἦν δὲ ἡ ὁδὸς χαλεπή, καὶ οἱ πολέμιοι ἐφαίνοντο ἐπὶ τῶν λόφων, how should ἐφαίνοντο ἐπὶ τῶν λόφων be rendered?

  1. 'they showed the hills' - active imperfect of φαίνω
  2. 'they had appeared on the hills' - pluperfect active
  3. 'they will appear on the hills' - future middle
  4. 'they were appearing on the hills' - imperfect middle of φαίνομαι with ἐπί and the genitive Correct answer.

Explanation

φαίνομαι is a middle verb meaning 'appear' or 'be seen', and the imperfect ἐφαίνοντο describes an ongoing appearance. ἐπί with the genitive of place marks position on or upon.

Question 50Translation of an Attic Greek prose text (with dictionary/lexicon support)

In the sentence οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, ἐπεὶ οἱ πρέσβεις οὐχ ἧκον, ἔγνωσαν αὐτοὶ στρατεύεσθαι, what is the force of the aorist participle οὐχ ἧκον's clause ἐπεὶ οἱ πρέσβεις οὐχ ἧκον?

  1. It expresses a condition contrary to fact.
  2. It marks a temporal limit after which the decision was taken.
  3. It states the cause that explains the decision to march. Correct answer.
  4. It introduces a purpose the Athenians hoped to achieve.

Explanation

ἐπεί with the indicative regularly marks a real, established circumstance and here gives the reason for ἔγνωσαν: because the envoys had not come, they decided to march themselves. The negative οὐχ with the imperfect ἧκον simply denies the arrival, so the clause is causal rather than conditional or final.