UPMSP High School Gujarati cheat sheet

Apathit-style prose questions are answered only from the passage: locate the sentence that supports the answer before writing, and quote a key phrase when the question says 'उद्धरणसहित' (with quotation).

Theme (केन्द्रीय भाव) questions are answered in one sentence naming the value the prose upholds - e.g. परोपकार, कर्तव्यनिष्ठा, सत्यनिष्ठा, राष्ट्रप्रेम - then one supporting line from the text.

Character questions follow a fixed frame: name the character, state two traits, and give one incident from the prose as proof for each trait. Traits without textual proof lose marks.

Value-based (मूल्यपरक) questions ask how the lesson applies to present life; answer with one general principle plus one concrete modern example (e.g. discipline in a student's routine).

Vocabulary-in-context items require the meaning the word carries in that sentence, not its dictionary-first sense; test by substituting the option back into the line.

'कथावस्तु' (plot) answers keep chronological order: प्रारम्भ (situation), घटनाक्रम (events), चरम बिन्दु (turning point), निष्कर्ष (resolution) - four short parts.

Gujarati-medium prose answers use standard prose register: avoid dialect forms, write full sentences, and keep the verb at the end of each clause.

For 'शीर्षक की सार्थकता' (justifying the title), state that the title names the central figure or idea, then show it recurs at the beginning and the end of the prose.

Nine rasas (नवरस): शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत; the tenth, वात्सल्य, is treated as a भाव by many critics rather than a separate rasa.

Rasa is decided by the dominant स्थायीभाव: रति→शृंगार, हास→हास्य, शोक→करुण, क्रोध→रौद्र, उत्साह→वीर, भय→भयानक, जुगुप्सा→बीभत्स, विस्मय→अद्भुत, निर्वेद→शांत.

अनुप्रास = repetition of a consonant sound; यमक = the same word repeated with a different meaning; श्लेष = one word yielding two meanings; पुनरुक्ति-वाक्य = repetition of a whole clause.

उपमा needs the words सा/सम/सदृश/जैसा/तुल्य; रूपक has no such word - the उपमेय is directly identified with the उपमेय. उत्प्रेक्षा uses मानो/जनु/इव (as if).

अतिशयोक्ति = deliberate exaggeration; मानवीकरण (personification) = nature given human actions or feelings; स्वभावोक्ति = natural description without ornament.

Chhand is counted in मात्रा or गण: चौपाई = 16+16 मात्रा in four चरण; दोहा = 13+11 मात्रा in two lines; सोरठा is the reverse, 11+13; हरिगीतिका = 28 मात्रा per चरण.

In 'केन्द्रीय भाव' answers, state the idea in one sentence, name the rasa and one alankar used, and quote half a line as evidence - three parts, no summary of the whole poem.

'प्रतीक' questions: identify the object (e.g. दीप, नदी, पर्वत), then state what abstract idea it stands for, then link it to one line of the poem.

स्वर संधि has five types: दीर्घ (अ/आ+अ/आ→आ), गुण (अ+इ/उ/ऋ→ए/ओ/अर्), वृद्धि (अ+ए/ऐ→ऐ; अ+ओ/औ→औ), यण (इ/उ/ऋ + dissimilar vowel → य्/व्/र्), अयादि (ए/ओ+अ→अय्/अव्).

व्यंजन संधि: a voiced consonant before a voiceless one becomes voiceless (उद् + घोष → उद्घोष type rules); श्+त/थ→ष्ट/ष्ठ; त्+श→च्छ. विसर्ग संधि follows र्/स्/ष् or ओ substitution patterns.

समास identification test: if the first member qualifies the second, it is कर्मधारय; if the last member is counted, it is द्विगु; if 'और' (and) can be inserted, it is द्वंद्व; बहुव्रीहि is named by a third entity outside the members.

अव्ययीभाव samas begins with an indeclinable (उप, अनु, प्रति, यथा) and the whole compound behaves as an indeclinable; तत्पुरुष has the last member as head and the case is decided by the first member.

अलंकार recognition order: check for a comparison word (उपमा), then identification without it (रूपक), then 'as if' (उत्प्रेक्षा), then sound repetition (अनुप्रास/यमक).

शब्द-रूप: राम (अकारान्त पुल्लिंग), लता (आकारान्त स्त्रीलिंग), मुनि (इकारान्त), गुरु (उकारान्त), फल (अकारान्त नपुंसक), and सर्वनाम तद् - decline by case (विभक्ति) and number (वचन), not by gender alone.

धातु-रूप: लट् (present), लृट् (future), लङ् (past imperfect), विधिलिङ् (optative), लोट् (imperative); पुरुष (प्रथम/मध्यम/उत्तम) and वचन (एक/द्वि/बहु) must both match the subject.

Sentence correction (वाक्य-शोधन) checks five things in order: लिंग-वचन agreement, विभक्ति after the correct preposition, क्रिया-काल consistency, word order (कर्ता-कर्म-क्रिया), and अनावश्यक पुनरुक्ति.

निबंध structure: प्रस्तावना (2-3 lines), विषय-विस्तार (3-4 paragraphs, one idea each), उपसंहार (2-3 lines) - the introduction and conclusion must not repeat the same sentence.

Formal letter (औपचारिक पत्र) parts in order: प्रेषक का पता, दिनांक, प्राप्तकर्ता का पता, विषय, सम्बोधन, मुख्य भाग, कृतज्ञता/आशीर्वाद, हस्ताक्षर व नाम.

Informal letter (अनौपचारिक पत्र) opens with प्रिय/आदरणीय and ends with भवदीय/आपका; it omits विषय and the receiver's full address.

Report (प्रतिवेदन) answers five questions in order: क्या हुआ, कब, कहाँ, कैसे, क्या परिणाम - written in third person and past tense, with a heading and a reporter's line.

Précis (सारांश) rule: about one-third of the original length, written in the third person, no personal opinion, no direct quotation, and it keeps the original's main argument only.

Précis drafting steps: read twice, underline the topic sentence of each paragraph, list the points, then write a connected paragraph and give it a short title.

Essay word budget for a 250-word task: roughly 40 words introduction, 170 words body across three paragraphs, 40 words conclusion; each paragraph carries one example or statistic.

Report and letter language stays impersonal and factual: avoid 'मुझे लगता है' in reports, and avoid rhetorical questions in formal letters.

Read the questions before the passage: it tells you which lines to read closely and saves a second full reading.

Answer order rule: first do direct-fact questions (who/what/when), then inference, then vocabulary, then the title/central-idea question.

Answers must be in your own words; copying a full sentence from the passage is accepted only when the question says 'उद्धरण दीजिए'.

'उपयुक्त शीर्षक' (suitable title) must be short, cover the whole passage, and not name only one example from it.

'लेखक का उद्देश्य' answers state the purpose (to inform / to warn / to persuade) plus the passage's main claim in one line.

Vocabulary-in-context: replace the word with each option inside the original sentence; only the option that keeps the sentence's sense is correct.

Opposite (विलोम) and synonym (पर्यायवाची) items must match the word form in the passage - a noun's synonym must also be a noun.

True/false and 'कथन सही है या नहीं' items: a statement is false if any single detail (number, name, order) contradicts the passage, even if the rest is correct.

Hindi literature's standard period divisions: आदिकाल (वीरगाथा काल), भक्तिकाल (with ज्ञानाश्रयी/निर्गुण and प्रेमाश्रयी/सगुण streams), रीतिकाल, and आधुनिक काल (भारतेंदु युग, द्विवेदी युग, छायावाद, प्रगतिवाद, प्रयोगवाद, नई कविता).

छायावाद's four pillars are जयशंकर प्रसाद, सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी 'निराला', सुमित्रानंदन पंत, and महादेवी वर्मा; its marks are mysticism, nature-personification, and मुक्त छंद.

निर्गुण भक्ति has two branches: ज्ञानाश्रयी (कबीर) and प्रेमाश्रयी (सूफी poets); सगुण भक्ति has रामभक्ति (तुलसीदास) and कृष्णभक्ति (सूरदास, मीराबाई).

भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र is called the father of modern Hindi literature; his era began modern Hindi drama and journalism.

Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi's era (द्विवेदी युग) promoted standardised, ornate, socially purposeful Hindi prose and rejected excessive ornament.

Gujarati literary heritage: Narsinh Mehta (bhakti pada), Mirabai's Gujarati-Hindi overlap, and modern figures such as Govardhanram Tripathi (Saraswatichandra) and Umashankar Joshi - relevant where the paper compares regional literary traditions.

Cultural-awareness items link a work to its genre and language: दोहा/चौपाई (Hindi verse forms), भजन/पद (devotional song), खंडकाव्य vs महाकाव्य (short vs epic narrative poem).