UPMSP High School Gujarati flashcards
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33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- केन्द्रीय भाव
- The central idea of a prose piece or poem, stated in one sentence. In answers, name the upheld value, then cite one supporting line from the text.
- मूल्यपरक प्रश्न
- A value-based question asking how a lesson applies to real life. Answer with one general principle plus one concrete modern example, keeping both linked to the text.
- चरित्र-चित्रण
- Character sketch. State the character's name, two traits, and one incident from the prose proving each trait; traits without textual proof lose marks.
- कथावस्तु
- The plot of a prose piece, retold chronologically: situation, main events, turning point, resolution. Four short parts, no commentary or opinion.
- शीर्षक की सार्थकता
- Justifying a title: show it names the central figure or idea and that this element recurs at the start and end of the prose.
- नवरस
- The nine rasas: शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत. वात्सल्य is often classed as a भाव rather than a tenth rasa.
- स्थायीभाव
- The permanent emotion that becomes a rasa: रति to शृंगार, शोक to करुण, उत्साह to वीर, विस्मय to अद्भुत, निर्वेद to शांत.
- अनुप्रास अलंकार
- Repetition of a consonant sound within a line or nearby lines, producing musical effect. It is a शब्दालंकार, judged by sound, not meaning.
- यमक अलंकार
- The same word appears more than once with a different meaning each time. Repetition of sound with changed sense distinguishes it from अनुप्रास.
- उपमा और रूपक
- उपमा compares using सा, सम, सदृश, जैसा. रूपक omits such words and directly identifies the subject with the object of comparison.
- उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार
- A comparison presented as a conjecture using मानो, जनु, इव - 'as if'. The subject is imagined to actually be the object of comparison.
- चौपाई छंद
- A metre of four चरण, each of sixteen मात्रा. Common in Tulsidas's Ramcharitmanas; usually paired with a दोहा before or after.
- दोहा छंद
- A two-line metre with thirteen मात्रा in the first line and eleven in the second. सोरठा reverses this: eleven then thirteen.
- मुक्त छंद
- Free verse: no fixed मात्रा count or गण pattern. A defining feature of छायावाद poetry, used to let emotion shape the line.
- दीर्घ संधि
- A vowel sandhi where अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ combine with a similar vowel to give a long vowel: अ + अ gives आ, इ + इ gives ई.
- गुण संधि
- अ or आ followed by इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ gives ए, ओ, अर् respectively - for example नर + इंद्र becomes नरेंद्र.
- वृद्धि संधि
- अ or आ followed by ए, ऐ gives ऐ; followed by ओ, औ gives औ. Example: एक + एक = एकैक, सदा + एव = सदैव.
- यण संधि
- इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ before a dissimilar vowel become the consonants य्, व्, र्: इति + आदि becomes इत्यादि.
- कर्मधारय समास
- A compound where the first member qualifies or describes the second, as an adjective qualifies a noun: नीलकमल, महात्मा. No 'and' can be inserted.
- बहुव्रीहि समास
- A compound naming a third entity outside its members: दशानन means 'one with ten faces', i.e. Ravana, not 'ten faces' themselves.
- द्वंद्व समास
- A compound of two or more members of equal rank, where 'और' (and) can be inserted between them: माता-पिता, राम-लक्ष्मण.
- अव्ययीभाव समास
- A compound whose first member is an indeclinable such as उप, अनु, प्रति, यथा, and which behaves as an indeclinable: प्रतिदिन, यथाशक्ति.
- विभक्ति और वचन
- Case and number. शब्द-रूप are declined by both: राम, रामौ, रामाः show one, two, and many in the nominative.
- लट् और लृट् लकार
- लट् is the present tense (करोति - he does); लृट् is the simple future (करिष्यति - he will do). Both change with पुरुष and वचन.
- वाक्य-शोधन
- Sentence correction. Check in order: gender-number agreement, correct case after the verb, tense consistency, word order (subject-object-verb), and needless repetition.
- निबंध संरचना
- Essay structure: a short introduction, three or four body paragraphs each carrying one idea with an example, then a brief conclusion that does not repeat the opening.
- औपचारिक पत्र
- Formal letter order: sender's address, date, receiver's address, subject line, salutation, body, closing courtesy, signature and name.
- प्रतिवेदन लेखन
- Report writing: answer what happened, when, where, how, and the result. Written in third person, past tense, with a heading and reporter's line.
- सारांश नियम
- A précis is about one-third of the original, in third person, with no opinion or direct quotation, keeping only the main argument, plus a short title.
- उपयुक्त शीर्षक
- A suitable title for an unseen passage: short, covering the whole passage, not naming just one example or detail from it.
- संदर्भगत अर्थ
- Contextual meaning. Replace the word with each option inside the original sentence; only the option preserving that sentence's sense is correct.
- छायावाद
- A Hindi poetic movement whose four pillars are जयशंकर प्रसाद, निराला, पंत, and महादेवी वर्मा; marked by mysticism, personified nature, and free verse.
- भक्तिकाल की धाराएँ
- Nirguna devotion splits into ज्ञानाश्रयी (Kabir) and प्रेमाश्रयी (Sufi poets); Saguna splits into Ram-bhakti (Tulsidas) and Krishna-bhakti (Surdas, Mirabai).