UPMSP High School Gujarati key terms

Prose writing in which sentences flow in ordinary unrhymed form, used for stories, essays and character sketches. In this exam, questions test comprehension, theme, character traits and values drawn from prose lessons.

The central message or main point a prose lesson conveys, stated briefly in the candidate's own words. Identifying it correctly is the first step in answering theme-based questions.

The way an author builds a character through actions, speech, thoughts and others' opinions. Questions ask candidates to justify a character's qualities with evidence from the text.

A single adjective naming a quality of a character, such as નિષ્ઠાવાન, નિડર or દયાળુ. A good answer names the trait and then cites an incident that proves it.

A question asking what moral lesson or human value a lesson teaches, such as honesty, perseverance or service. Answers should connect the value to a specific event in the text, not just list virtues.

A judgement on whether a lesson's title fits its content, argued by showing how the title points to the main character, event or idea. Examiners expect reasons, not a simple yes or no.

Speech exchanged between characters in a prose passage. Dialogue reveals personality and moves the plot, so questions often ask what a particular line shows about the speaker.

Poetry written in metrical lines, often rhymed, in which meaning, emotion and sound work together. Questions cover rasa, alankar, chhand and the poem's central idea.

The aesthetic pleasure a reader feels from a poem, classified into nine kinds such as શૃંગાર, વીર, કરુણ and હાસ્ય. Candidates identify the dominant rasa and the emotion (સ્થાયીભાવ) that produces it.

The permanent human emotion, such as love, grief, courage or wonder, that when awakened and savoured in poetry becomes a rasa. Naming it correctly supports a rasa answer.

A deliberate device that beautifies poetic language, such as ઉપમા, રૂપક or અનુપ્રાસ. Answers must name the device, quote the words and explain the comparison or effect.

A figure in which one thing is compared to another of a different kind using words like જેવું, સમું or જેમ. Both objects remain distinct, as in 'moon-like face'.

A figure in which one thing is identified with another, so the two are fused rather than compared, as in calling a brave man a lion. No comparing word such as જેવું appears.

A sound figure in which the same consonant is repeated closely in a line to create rhythm, as in repeated 'મ' or 'ક' sounds. Candidates point to the repeated letter, not just the line.

The regulated pattern of syllables and pauses in a poetic line. Gujarati verse uses metres such as અનુષ્ટુપ, ભુજંગપ્રયાત and શિખરિણી, and questions ask candidates to name the metre used.

A group of three syllables classified by heavy (ગુરુ) or light (લઘુ) weight, denoted by symbols such as ય, મ, ત, ર, જ, ભ, ન, સ. Counting गण is the standard method for identifying Sanskrit-style metres.

The time unit of a syllable: a short vowel counts as one માત્રા and a long vowel or a short vowel before a conjunct counts as two. Metres are measured in these units.

The joining of two adjacent sounds into one form at a word boundary, as when a final vowel meets an initial vowel. Questions ask candidates to split a joined form or to join two given words correctly.

A sandhi in which two vowels combine, for example અ + અ = આ, ઇ + ઇ = ઈ, or અ + ઇ = એ. Recognising the pair of vowels makes the correct result predictable.

A sandhi where a consonant is inserted or altered between sounds, as when a word ending in અ meets one beginning with a vowel and a ય્, વ્ or ન્ appears. The result often looks irregular and must be memorised.

The reverse of sandhi: breaking a joined word back into its original parts, as in separating a compound-looking form into two words. This is a frequent one-mark question.

The merging of two or more words into a single compound where only the last member carries the case ending, such as રાજકુમાર. Questions ask for the compound's type and its expanded form.

A compound in which the first member qualifies the second and the first member's case is understood, as in રાજાનો પુત્ર = રાજપુત્ર. The final word keeps its own meaning.

A compound joining two words of equal status, usually linked by 'and', as in માતા અને પિતા = માતાપિતા. The compound refers to both members together.

The set of inflected forms a noun or pronoun takes across the three cases and two numbers, such as રામ, રામને, રામથી. Candidates are usually asked to give a full declension table of a given word.

The forms a verb root takes for tense, person, number and gender, such as કરવું yielding કરું, કરે, કર્યું. Questions ask for a specified tense and person of a given root.

The grammatical relation a noun bears to other words in a sentence, marked in Gujarati by postpositions such as ને, થી, માટે and નું. Correct case use prevents many sentence errors.

The time reference of a verb, divided in Gujarati into past, present and future with further continuous and perfect forms. A common error is mixing tenses within one sentence.

The task of spotting and repairing errors in a sentence, such as wrong agreement, wrong case, redundant words or faulty word order. The corrected sentence must be rewritten in full.

A structured composition of several paragraphs on a given topic, with an introduction, developed body paragraphs and a conclusion. Marks depend on relevance, organisation, vocabulary and correctness.

Composition in letter form, either informal (to relatives or friends) or formal (to officials, editors or institutions). Format, salutation, body and closing each carry marks.

A factual account of an event such as a function, camp or accident, written for a newspaper or institution. It answers what, when, where, who and why, and usually carries a heading and reporter's name.

A shortened restatement of a passage that keeps its central ideas and drops examples and repetition, usually about one-third of the original length. It must be in the writer's own words.

The opening part of an essay or answer that states the topic and sets direction, often with a definition or a striking general remark. It should be brief and lead naturally into the body.

The closing paragraph of a composition that draws the discussion together and offers a final judgement or appeal. It should not introduce a new argument.

A prose passage not from the textbook, followed by questions on its content, inference and vocabulary. Answers must be drawn from the passage and written in complete sentences.

The sense a word carries in a particular passage, which may differ from its dictionary meaning. Candidates should read the surrounding sentence before choosing a synonym or explaining the word.

A word having nearly the same meaning as another, such as ઘર and નિવાસ. Vocabulary questions ask candidates to supply a synonym or to match pairs of such words.

A word expressing the opposite of another, such as ઉદાર against કંજૂસ. Antonym questions test both vocabulary range and accuracy of meaning.

Knowledge of which writer composed a given lesson or poem, and of their period and notable works. This is tested directly and also supports answers on literary context.

A phase of Gujarati literature marked by shared style and concerns, such as the medieval ભક્તિકાળ, the nineteenth-century સુધારક યુગ and the modern period. Questions link authors to their period.

Gujarati writing of roughly the 1920s to 1940s shaped by Gandhian thought, stressing simplicity, social reform and national awakening. Its prose is plain and its themes moral and social.

The medieval phase of Gujarati poetry dominated by devotional verse to Krishna and Rama, including works of Narsinh Mehta and Mirabai's Gujarati tradition. Its dominant rasa is usually શૃંગાર or ભક્તિ.