WBCHSE HS Nepali First Language cheat sheet

Gadya (गद्य) means prose: the prescribed prose lessons test comprehension of theme, character, and the author's purpose, not memorised paraphrase.

For each prose text, fix four anchors in memory: author name, central theme (मूल भावना), main characters or speaker, and the closing message (सन्देश).

Nepali prose questions commonly ask for 'मूल भावना' (central idea) or 'सन्देश' (message); answer in 3-5 sentences with one textual support, not a plot summary.

Character questions require a quality plus evidence: state the trait (e.g. देशप्रेम, परोपकार, कर्तव्यनिष्ठा) then cite one incident from the text.

Distinguish निबन्ध (essay), कथा (story), जीवनी (biography), and संस्मरण (memoir): the genre determines whether you discuss argument, plot, life-events, or personal recollection.

When asked about the writer's style, use terms such as सरल भाषा, व्यंग्य (satire), भावुकता (sentimentality), वर्णनात्मक शैली (descriptive style) - and tie each to a line-level feature.

Author–work matching is a standard objective item: memorise the pairings of every prescribed prose piece with its writer's full name as printed in the syllabus.

For 'why did the author say X' items, answer with cause→effect logic drawn from the passage's context, not personal opinion; examiners reward textual grounding.

Kavita (कविता) answers must cover भाव (feeling), भाषा (language), and शिल्प (craft); a response naming only the theme typically loses half marks.

Know the standard verse forms: गजल (ghazal, with रदीफ and काफिया), गीत (song-lyric), खण्डकाव्य (epic fragment), and मुक्तक (single-stanza epigram).

छन्द (metre) and लय (rhythm) questions: identify whether the poem is लयात्मक (rhythmic/musical) or प्रवाहमय (free-flowing), and name the dominant rhyme pattern if regular.

अलङ्कार (figures of speech) to recognise: उपमा (simile, using झैँ/जस्तै), रूपक (metaphor), अनुप्रास (alliteration), मानवीकरण (personification), उत्प्रेक्षा (poetic fancy, using मानौँ).

Identify the कवि's stance: राष्ट्रिय भावना (nationalism), प्रकृति प्रेम (love of nature), सामाजिक चेतना (social awareness), or वैयक्तिक वेदना (personal anguish).

Quote a short line (one to two lines) as प्रमाण (evidence) when asked to justify an interpretation; unquoted claims are treated as assertion only.

For 'कविताको सार' (summary) items, compress into three moves: situation described → feeling expressed → message conveyed.

Poem titles and poets are high-frequency objective items; also note the dedication or occasion where the syllabus indicates one.

Natak (नाटक) is multi-act drama; एकाङ्की (one-act play) has a single act with one sustained situation and a sharp climax - do not describe an एकाङ्की as having multiple acts.

Dramatic structure terms: अङ्क (act), दृश्य (scene), संवाद (dialogue), नेपथ्य (off-stage/backstage), रंगमञ्च (stage), पात्र (character), चरित्र-चित्रण (characterisation).

Conflict (द्वन्द्व) is the engine of drama: classify it as internal (मनोवैज्ञानिक) or external (सामाजिक/पारिवारिक) and name the two opposing forces.

Character types: नायक (protagonist), प्रतिनायक (antagonist), and सहायक पात्र (supporting character); justify the label with one action from the play.

कथावस्तु (plot) answers follow the order: प्रारम्भ (exposition) → उत्कर्ष (rising action) → चरमोत्कर्ष (climax) → समाधान (resolution).

Dialogue questions ask what a line reveals about the speaker's motive; answer with the motive plus the words that signal it, not a paraphrase alone.

Stage-direction (निर्देशन) items: note that directions indicate setting, tone, entrances/exits, and are not spoken aloud by characters.

The social message (सामाजिक सन्देश) of a prescribed play is usually stated in the final act; locate the resolution before writing the message.

The Rapid Reader tests sustained reading: expect questions on overall plot, sequence of events, and the significance of the title.

Maintain a one-line summary per chapter or section; sequence questions (what happened before/after X) are answered from that chain, not from memory of the ending.

Character-mapping is efficient: for each major figure record role, one defining trait, and one turning-point action.

Theme questions on the Rapid Reader usually ask for a universal value (e.g. मानवता, सत्यनिष्ठा, त्याग) supported by a specific episode.

Title-significance answers must connect the title to the central incident or motif, in two to three sentences.

Distinguish the narrator (who tells) from the author (who writes); first-person narration limits what the reader can know.

For 'why is this episode important' items, explain its effect on later events - causality, not mere description.

लिङ्ग (gender): नेपाली nouns are पुलिङ्ग (masculine), स्त्रीलिङ्ग (feminine), or नपुंसकलिङ्ग (neuter); adjectives and verbs agree with the noun's gender and number.

वचन (number): एकवचन vs बहुवचन; plural markers include -हरू (मानिसहरू) and -हरु in some conventions - apply the form used in the prescribed textbook.

कारक (case) and विभक्ति (case-marker): कर्ता (subject, -ले), कर्म (object, -लाई), करण (instrument, -ले), सम्प्रदान (-लाई), अपादान (-बाट/-देखि), सम्बन्ध (-को/-का/-की), अधिकरण (-मा/-माथि).

काल (tense): वर्तमान (present), भूत (past), भविष्यत् (future); note the habitual vs continuous distinction marked by auxiliaries such as छ / छैन / थियो.

वाच्य (voice): कर्तृवाच्य (active) and कर्मवाच्य (passive); passive Nepali uses the past participle plus जानु (e.g. गरियो, लेखियो).

शब्दभेद (parts of speech): नाम, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रियायोगी/क्रियाविशेषण, क्रियापद, सम्बन्धसूचक, विस्मयादिबोधक, संयोजक.

सन्धि (sandhi) and समास (compound): recognise तत्पुरुष, द्वन्द्व, बहुव्रीहि, कर्मधारय, and अव्ययीभाव by their expansion pattern.

वाक्यशुद्धि (sentence correction): check subject–verb agreement, correct case-marker, tense consistency, and word order (SOV in Nepali).

उखान-टुक्का (proverbs and idioms): answer by giving the figurative meaning plus one illustrative sentence, not a literal gloss.

निबन्ध (essay) structure: भूमिका (introduction) → विषय-विस्तार (body, two to three paragraphs) → उपसंहार (conclusion); each body paragraph carries one idea plus an example.

Formal letter (औपचारिक पत्र) parts: ठेगाना/मिति, प्रापकको ठेगाना, विषय (subject line), सम्बोधन, मुख्य भाग, बन्दोबस्ती, हस्ताक्षर.

अनौपचारिक पत्र (personal letter) omits the subject line and uses an intimate सम्बोधन; keep register informal but grammatically clean.

प्रतिवेदन (report) parts: शीर्षक, उद्देश्य, विधि/घटनाक्रम, निष्कर्ष, सिफारिस; write in third person and past tense for completed events.

सूचना (notice): answer the six Ws briefly - के, कहिले, कहाँ, कसले, किन, कसरी - in a boxed, dated, signed format addressed to the concerned group.

सारांश (precis): reduce to roughly one-third of the original, keep third person, drop examples and repetition, and never add interpretation absent from the passage.

Word-limit discipline: a 200-word essay task means 180–220 words; exceeding the limit by more than about 10% invites penalty.

Titles for essays should be specific (e.g. 'विद्यालय जीवनमा अनुशासनको महत्त्व'), not a bare single noun.

Comprehension strategy: read the questions first, then the passage, so that scanning targets the asked information rather than all detail.

Answer in your own words; copying a full sentence from the passage is usually not credited as comprehension.

Inference items ('लेखकको भनाइको आशय') require a claim plus the passage clue that supports it.

Vocabulary-in-context items: give the meaning as used in the passage, not the dictionary's first sense.

Translation direction matters: Nepali→English demands natural English word order and tense, not word-for-word transposition.

Proper nouns, numerals, and dates transfer unchanged in translation; idioms must be rendered by an equivalent idiom, not literally.

For 'शीर्षक दिनुहोस्' (supply a title), choose a phrase covering the whole passage, typically drawn from its opening or closing claim.

True/false and matching items on an unseen passage are answered strictly from stated text; outside knowledge is not a valid basis.