Gunma Entrance Science flashcards
Gunma Entrance Science · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Speed
- Distance travelled per unit time, calculated as distance divided by time. It is a scalar quantity, so direction is not included.
- Newton's second law
- The resultant force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma). Force is measured in newtons.
- Kinetic energy
- The energy a moving object possesses, calculated as one half of mass times velocity squared (½mv²). It increases fourfold if speed doubles.
- Ohm's law
- For an ohmic conductor at constant temperature, voltage equals current multiplied by resistance (V = IR). Resistance is measured in ohms.
- Filtration
- A separation technique that passes a mixture through filter paper, trapping an insoluble solid while the liquid passes through as the filtrate.
- Chemical change
- A change in which new substances with different properties form, often shown by gas, precipitate, colour change, or heat release.
- Ionic bonding
- Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed when a metal atom loses electrons and a non-metal atom gains them.
- Neutralisation
- The reaction of an acid with a base to produce a salt and water. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water.
- Food chain
- A sequence showing organisms in order of what eats what, with arrows indicating the direction of energy transfer between them.
- Decomposer
- An organism such as a fungus or bacterium that breaks down dead organisms and waste, releasing nutrients back into the soil.
- Meiosis
- Cell division producing four genetically different haploid gametes, halving the chromosome number so fertilisation restores the diploid number.
- Dominant allele
- An allele whose effect appears in the phenotype even when only one copy is present in a heterozygous organism.
- Sedimentary rock
- Rock formed when layers of sediment are compacted and cemented over time, often containing fossils and showing distinct strata.
- Plate boundary
- A region where two tectonic plates meet, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building, or ocean trenches depending on plate movement.
- Air pressure
- The force exerted by the weight of air on a surface, measured with a barometer. It decreases as altitude increases.
- Moon phase
- The visible portion of the Moon determined by the angle between the Sun, Earth, and Moon, cycling roughly every 29.5 days.
- Independent variable
- The variable deliberately changed by the experimenter in an investigation, whose effect on the dependent variable is being tested.
- Control group
- A group in an experiment that receives no treatment or a standard treatment, used for comparison with the experimental group.
- Terminal velocity
- The constant maximum speed reached by a falling object when upward air resistance equals its weight, so acceleration becomes zero.
- Parallel circuit
- A circuit where components are on separate branches, so each receives the full supply voltage and the total resistance is less than any single resistor.
- Distillation
- A separation method that boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapour, separating substances with different boiling points.
- Precipitation reaction
- A reaction in which two soluble solutions mix and form an insoluble solid, called a precipitate, which can be filtered off.
- Photosynthesis
- The process by which plants use light energy and chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
- Mitosis
- Cell division producing two genetically identical diploid cells, used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
- Metamorphic rock
- Rock formed when existing rock is altered by high heat or pressure, often with new minerals and a layered or crystalline texture.
- Seasons
- Annual changes in weather caused by Earth's axial tilt, which changes the angle and duration of sunlight through the year.
- Dependent variable
- The variable measured or observed in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable.
- Moment of a force
- The turning effect of a force, calculated as force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the pivot, measured in newton-metres.
- Specific heat capacity
- The energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree Celsius, in joules per kilogram per degree.
- Chromatography
- A separation technique in which dissolved substances move at different rates through a stationary phase, allowing identification of mixtures.
- Activation energy
- The minimum energy colliding particles must possess for a reaction to occur. Catalysts lower it, increasing the reaction rate.
- Natural selection
- The process in which organisms with inherited features better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more, passing those features on.