Direito Penal
Core concepts
General part: legality (art. 1 CP), anteriority and non-retroactivity except lex mitior, minimal intervention, lesividade and culpabilidade. Application of the law: time (theory of activity, art. 4), territory (art. 5) and extraterritoriality (art. 7). Theory of the offence: tipicidade formal and material, ilicitude (art. 23), culpabilidade (imputability, potential awareness of wrongfulness, exigibility).
Distinguish erro de tipo (art. 20) from erro de proibicao (art. 21) and putativas defenses. Concurso de pessoas (art. 29), concurso de crimes (material, formal and continuado, arts. 69 to 71) and extinction of punibilidade (art. 107). Special part: peculato, corrupcao, lavagem, organizacao criminosa (Lei 12.850) and crimes against the Administration. Also criminal action and habeas corpus.
Traps
An excusable erro de tipo excludes dolo and culpa; an unavoidable erro de proibicao excludes culpabilidade. A putativa defense about facts is treated as erro de tipo. Continuidade delitiva requires same species and similar modus operandi. Abolitio criminis and novatio legis in mellius produce different effects on final judgments.
Rule of thumb
Did the agent know the facts? If not, erro de tipo. If he knew the facts but believed the conduct lawful, erro de proibicao. Worked example: someone takes a pen believing it is his own commits erro de tipo, excluding dolo.