WBBSE Madhyamik Nepali (First Language) cheat sheet

Theme questions require stating the central message in one sentence, then supporting it with two textual incidents; character questions require trait plus the action that proves the trait.

Value-based answers follow a three-step order: identify the value (e.g. परिश्रम, दया, देशप्रेम), show where the text endorses it, then state its relevance to present life.

Comprehension answers must quote or closely paraphrase the prescribed line, not general knowledge; marks are lost when the answer could fit any text.

Character sketch structure: परिचय (who the character is), दुई–तीन गुण with evidence, then the character's role in the central conflict.

Style questions on prose ask for भाषा-शैली: वर्णनात्मक, विचारात्मक, संवादात्मक, आत्मकथात्मक - name the mode and cite one supporting feature such as direct speech or first-person narration.

When asked for the writer's purpose, distinguish उद्देश्य (why it was written) from सन्देश (what the reader should take away); both are usually worth separate marks.

Sequence or cause-effect questions in prose: locate the turning point, then arrange events as before/after that point to avoid chronology errors.

For 'justify the title' questions, link the title to the opening situation, the climax, and the closing line - three links give a complete answer.

Central idea (मुख्य भाव) must be stated in one line, then expanded with the image the poet uses to convey it.

Rasa identification in prescribed poems is usually शृङ्गार, करुण, वीर, भक्ति, or देशभक्ति; name the rasa and the स्थायीभाव that produces it (रति, शोक, उत्साह, भक्ति).

Figures of speech: उपमा uses झैं/जस्तै/सरि; रूपक has no comparison word; अनुप्रास repeats consonants; मानवीकरण gives human traits to non-human things; अतिशयोक्ति is deliberate hyperbole.

Poet's message answers should shift from the text's occasion to a universal instruction, e.g. from a description of the Himalaya to a call for national pride.

Appreciation (कविता-सौन्दर्य) points: छन्द and लय, शब्द-चयन, बिम्ब (imagery), यति/चरण-विभाजन, and the emotional effect on the reader.

Tone questions need an adjective plus evidence: उत्साही, करुण, व्यङ्ग्य, दार्शनिक - quote the line that creates the tone.

In भाव-पुष्टि questions, never retell the poem; state the भाव, then give the line and explain how the words create it.

When a poem contrasts two things (village/city, past/present), the message is read from which side the poet's sympathy and final image favour.

Factual recall questions test names, places, numbers, and the order of episodes; answer in one short sentence, not a paragraph.

Sequence questions: build a timeline of the lesson's main episodes first, then place the asked event between its neighbours.

Short-answer responses should be 2-3 sentences: a direct answer sentence plus one supporting detail from the lesson.

Character-in-action questions ask what a figure did in a specific situation; give the action, not a general personality description.

If asked for the lesson's moral, phrase it as an instruction to the reader and connect it to the outcome of the story.

Distinguish the narrator from the author in first-person lessons; questions on 'the speaker' refer to the narrator figure.

For 'why' questions, the answer is usually a motive or consequence stated in the text; avoid inventing psychological explanations.

Keep answers within the word limit; rapid-reader answers earn marks for precision, and extra narration can cost marks.

स्वर सन्धि: अ/आ + अ/आ → आ; इ/ई + इ/ई → ई; उ/ऊ + उ/ऊ → ऊ; अ/आ + इ/ई → ए; अ/आ + उ/ऊ → ओ; अ/आ + ऋ → अर्.

व्यञ्जन सन्धि: म् + क/ख → ङ्क/ङ्ख; न् + च/छ → ञ्च/ञ्छ; त् + श → च्छ; त् + ल → ल्ल; द् + द → द्द.

विसर्ग सन्धि: र् + विसर्ग → र् (निः + रोग → नीरोग); विसर्ग + स्वर → ओ (मनः + रथ → मनोरथ).

समास types: तत्पुरुष (last member is head, case relation hidden), कर्मधारय (adjective + noun, same case), द्वन्द्व (joined by 'र'), बहुव्रीहि (head is outside the compound), अव्ययीभाव (first member is an indeclinable).

कारक mapping: कर्ता → ने/ले; कर्म → लाई; करण → ले/द्वारा; सम्प्रदान → लाई/का लागि; अपादान → बाट/देखि; अधिकरण → मा/माथि.

क्रियाको काल: वर्तमान (छ/छु/छन्), भूत (थियो/गयो/भयो), भविष्यत् (हुनेछ/जानेछ); पक्ष marks ongoing (गर्दैछ) versus completed (गरेको छ) action.

वाच्य: कर्तृवाच्य keeps the subject as doer; कर्मवाच्य promotes the object and takes a passive verb form; भाववाच्य is used with intransitive verbs and impersonal statements.

Correction questions usually target number agreement, honorific level, wrong vibhakti, or a misapplied tense; check these four first.

Essay (निबन्ध) structure: भूमिका (2-3 sentences), मुख्य भाग in 3-4 paragraphs each with one idea, then उपसंहार with a forward-looking sentence.

Letter formats: अनौपचारिक letter has sender's place and date, सम्बोधन, body, and signature; औपचारिक letter adds the receiver's designation and uses सेवामा for closing.

Application (निवेदन) order: सेवामा, date, receiver's office, subject line, salutation, body with request and reason, then applicant's signature and details.

Report (प्रतिवेदन) answers five questions: what happened, when, where, who was involved, and what resulted; it is written in third person and past tense.

Précis (सारांश) rules: keep about one-third of the original length, third person, no personal opinion, no direct speech, and a single continuous paragraph.

Dialogue (संवाद) writing uses direct speech with a dash or quotation marks, keeps turns short, and must sound natural rather than written prose.

Marks are lost for mixing लोकप्रिय and औपचारिक register inside one composition; keep the level of address consistent throughout.

Paragraph unity rule: one paragraph carries one controlling idea; a new idea requires a new paragraph, and the topic sentence usually comes first.

Unseen prose answers must be derived from the passage; when a question says 'according to the passage', outside knowledge earns no marks.

Vocabulary-in-context questions: replace the word in the sentence and check whether the meaning still holds; that replacement is the answer.

उखान (proverb) usage: the proverb must fit the situation literally; e.g. हात्ती आयो हात्ती आयो फुस्सा applies to a big threat that ends in nothing.

Opposites (विपरीतार्थक) must match the same word class and register as the given word, not merely a negative form.

Synonyms (पर्यायवाची) are judged by substitutability in a sentence; a word that fits only one context is a weak answer.

Idiom questions ask for the figurative meaning, not a word-by-word gloss; state the meaning, then use the idiom in a short sentence.

Unseen poetry: identify the speaker, the situation, and the dominant भाव before answering; the last line usually carries the turn or message.

Word-formation questions test prefix and suffix: common prefixes include अ, नि, वि, प्र, सु; common suffixes include -ता, -त्व, -इलो, -वाला.