WBBSE Madhyamik Nepali (First Language) key terms

Prescribed prose lesson in the Nepali textbook; candidates answer comprehension, theme, character and value-based questions on it. Reading the whole lesson and noting its central idea is essential.

The main idea or message a prose piece or poem conveys. Stating it in one or two clear sentences, supported by textual evidence, earns full marks in theme questions.

Character sketch of a figure in a lesson, describing qualities with examples from the text. Answers should combine the character's actions, speech and the author's comments rather than listing adjectives alone.

A character in a story or prose lesson. Questions often ask how a character changes through events, so note both strengths and weaknesses with supporting incidents from the text.

The moral or lesson a text offers readers, often asked as a value-based question. Answers should connect the message to real life and to the events of the lesson.

Value-based judgement of an event, character or decision in a lesson. Candidates state their opinion clearly, then justify it with reasons drawn from the text and from general experience.

Prescribed poem studied for central idea, feeling, figures of speech and the poet's message. Reading aloud helps catch rhythm, rhyme and the emotional tone before analysis.

The aesthetic flavour or emotional relish a poem evokes, such as compassion, heroism or wonder. Naming the rasa and quoting the lines that create it strengthens appreciation answers.

The feeling or emotional state expressed in a poem, such as longing, devotion or sorrow. Distinguish it from rasa: bhāva is the emotion itself, rasa its relished experience.

Figure of speech that ornaments poetic language, including simile, metaphor, personification and alliteration. Identify the figure, then quote the exact words that create it.

Simile: comparison of two things using words such as झैं, झैं, जस्तो or सरि. The comparison is explicit, so both objects remain separately visible in the line.

Metaphor: direct identification of one thing with another without a comparing word. Saying the beloved is a flower, not like a flower, creates rūpaka.

Alliteration: repetition of the same consonant sound in nearby words, giving musical effect. Point out the repeated sound and the words carrying it when answering.

Suggested or implied meaning beyond the literal sense of words. Poetic appreciation often asks what a line suggests, so read for implication, not only dictionary meaning.

Context of a quoted line: the poem or lesson it comes from, the speaker and the situation. Context questions require naming the text and explaining what surrounds the quotation.

The occasion or situation in which something is said or happens in a text. Explaining the prasaṅga means summarising what came before and after the quoted passage.

Rapid reader section containing supplementary lessons read for general understanding. Questions test factual recall, sequence of events and short answers rather than deep literary analysis.

Order in which events unfold in a rapid-reader lesson. Sequence questions require arranging incidents correctly, so note the beginning, turning point and ending while reading.

Junction of two sounds, where the final sound of one word merges with the initial sound of the next. Identify the type, then show the original words and the joined form.

Sandhi between two vowels, as when अ or आ meets इ or ई. Knowing the vowel table lets you split and join forms quickly in grammar questions.

Sandhi involving consonants, often with a vowel or consonant following. Practice splitting words like सत् + जन to recognise the rule applied.

Compound word formed by joining two or more words, classified by the relation between members. To answer, split the compound and name its type with a short reason.

Compound in which the last member is principal and the first qualifies it, as in राजकुमार. The meaning centres on the final word, which helps identify the type.

Compound whose meaning points to a third entity different from its members, as in चतुर्भुज for Vishnu. Neither member alone carries the intended sense.

Grammatical relation of a noun or pronoun to the verb, such as doer, object or instrument. Case endings signal kāraka, so identify the relation before choosing a vibhakti.

Case ending attached to a noun or pronoun to show its grammatical role. Nepali uses postpositions and endings; match each to the kāraka it marks.

Verb: the word expressing action or state, agreeing with the subject in person, number and gender where required. Identify the verb first when analysing sentence structure.

Tense of a verb: past, present or future, including habitual and continuous forms. Check the time word in the sentence to confirm the tense chosen.

Voice of a sentence: active, passive or impersonal. Conversion questions require changing the subject-object order and the verb form while keeping the sense intact.

Active voice, where the subject performs the action and the verb agrees with it. Most Nepali sentences are in this voice; passive conversion starts from here.

Passive voice, where the object becomes prominent and the verb takes a passive form. In Nepali the agent often takes a postposition such as द्वारा or बाट.

Declension table of a noun or pronoun across cases and numbers. Learning typical patterns for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns speeds up grammar answers.

Conjugation of a verbal root across tenses, persons and numbers. Memorising one root's full pattern helps you form other verbs by analogy.

Correcting errors of agreement, case, tense or word order in a given sentence. Rewrite the whole sentence, then briefly state the rule that was violated.

Essay written on a given topic with introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion. Plan points briefly before writing, keep one idea per paragraph and stay within the word limit.

Letter, formal or informal, following a fixed layout of address, date, salutation, body and closing. Formal letters keep a respectful tone and state purpose in the first paragraph.

Formal application addressed to an authority requesting action. It states the request, gives supporting reasons and ends with a polite closing and signature.

Report presenting facts about an event or activity in an organised sequence. It typically covers purpose, details, findings and conclusion, written in neutral language.

Précis: a shortened version preserving the main points of a passage in your own words. Keep the original order of ideas and avoid adding opinion or examples.

Dialogue writing between two or more speakers on a given situation. Keep turns natural and brief, use appropriate address forms and let each speaker's purpose show.

Unseen prose passage followed by comprehension questions. Read twice, mark key sentences, and answer in your own words rather than copying long stretches from the passage.

Meaning of a word as used in a particular passage, which may differ from its common sense. Choose the sense that fits the surrounding sentence, not just the dictionary entry.

Proverb or idiom carrying a figurative meaning fixed by tradition. Explain it in a sentence and, where asked, use it correctly in a sentence of your own.

Short idiomatic phrase whose meaning is not literal, such as हात हाल्नु. Learn each with its sense and one illustrative sentence for usage questions.

Synonym: a word with a similar meaning to another, useful in vocabulary and composition sections. Choose synonyms that fit the sentence's register and context.

Antonym: a word opposite in meaning to another. Answer opposite-word questions with a single clear word, matching the grammatical form of the given word.