직업상담학 (Vocational Counseling)
What this domain tests
직업상담학 asks you to match client presenting problems to career-counseling theories and to sequence the counseling process: intake, relationship building, assessment, goal setting, intervention, termination, and follow-up. Exam items often give a short client statement and ask which theory or intervention fits best.
Core rules and concepts
- Parsons' trait-and-factor model: know the self, know occupational information, and use true reasoning to match the two. It is rational and assessment-centered.
- Super's life-span, life-space theory: career development runs through growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline; the self-concept is implemented through work. Career adaptability (concern, control, curiosity, confidence) is the current construct.
- Holland's RIASEC model: six types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional). Judge congruence (person-environment fit), consistency (adjacent types), differentiation (clear peak), and identity.
- Roe's needs theory: early parent-child relationships shape later occupational choice; occupations are classified by fields and levels.
- Krumboltz's social learning theory: genetic endowment, environmental conditions, learning experiences, and task-approach skills shape decisions; happenstance is central.
- Gelatt and Savickas: Gelatt emphasizes information, alternatives, outcomes, and evaluation; Savickas uses life themes and career construction.
Worked example
A 29-year-old client says, "I keep changing majors because nothing feels like me, and I cannot picture next year." A strong answer combines Holland assessment (differentiation is low; investigate interests and identity) with Super's adaptability (low concern and confidence) and a structured decision intervention. Do not simply give a list of jobs.
Traps that cost marks
Mixing Holland's consistency with differentiation; treating Super's career maturity as identical to adaptability; presenting Roe's theory as strongly supported empirically; and confusing trait-and-factor with psychodynamic counseling.