Moldova Bacalaureat Romanian for Non-Native Speakers key terms

The most important message a text conveys, which a reader states in one sentence after deciding what the whole passage is really about rather than what one detail says.

A supporting point that develops or illustrates the main idea of a text, often found in one paragraph and unable to stand alone as the message of the whole passage.

A short restatement of a text's essential content in your own words, keeping the order of ideas and omitting examples, repetitions and minor details.

Rewording a fragment with different vocabulary and sentence structure while preserving its exact meaning, used to show understanding or to integrate a source without quoting.

Words taken verbatim from a text, placed between quotation marks and attributed to the author, used as evidence for an interpretation you are defending.

A reason supported by evidence from the text that justifies an opinion or interpretation; in an essay it usually occupies its own paragraph with an example.

The central claim a candidate defends in an argumentative or interpretive essay, stated clearly near the beginning and returned to in the conclusion.

The opening part of a written composition that presents the topic, announces the text or author discussed, and states the thesis without yet giving detailed evidence.

In school essay structure, the middle section of a composition where arguments are developed in separate paragraphs, each with a claim, textual evidence and explanation.

The final part of a composition that restates the thesis in light of the arguments, without introducing new evidence or new topics.

A text mode that recounts events in time order through characters and actions, usually built from exposition, complication and resolution.

A text mode that presents the features of a person, place or object through sensory detail, often using adjectives and comparisons, with little or no action.

A figure who acts or is spoken about in a literary text; candidates analyse it through actions, speech, the narrator's comments and its relations with other characters.

The voice that tells a narrative text, distinct from the author; it may be a participant in the story or an outside observer with limited knowledge.

The way a character is built and revealed, either directly through explicit description or indirectly through actions, speech, thoughts and others' reactions.

A descriptive word or phrase attached to a noun to highlight a quality, such as an expressive adjective before a name; it colours the image rather than adding new information.

A figure of speech that places two different things side by side using a linking word such as 'ca' or 'precum' to make a quality vivid.

A figure of speech that names one thing by means of another on the basis of a hidden resemblance, without a linking word such as 'ca'.

The basic, literal meaning of a word, the one a dictionary lists first and the one used when no figurative transfer is intended.

A transferred, non-literal meaning a word takes on through resemblance or association, common in literary language and in fixed expressions.

A word with a meaning close or identical to another; true synonyms are rare, so context decides which one fits a sentence.

A word whose meaning is opposite to another within the same semantic field, such as 'cald' and 'rece'; used in vocabulary exercises and in contrastive text patterns.

One of two or more words that are spelled or pronounced alike but have unrelated meanings, such as 'sol' meaning ground and 'sol' meaning a musical note.

The property of a single word having several related meanings that developed from one another, distinguished from homonymy by the shared origin of the senses.

The words and situation surrounding a term that allow a reader to choose its correct meaning, identify the referent of a pronoun, or infer an unknown word.

A word or short phrase repeated or stressed in a text that signals its topic and helps locate the information needed to answer a question.

The set of rules for writing words correctly, covering letters, hyphenation, capitalization and the writing together or apart of compound forms.

The system of rules for using punctuation marks to mark sentence boundaries, separate clauses and lists, and reproduce direct speech correctly.

The comma, used to separate clauses in a complex sentence, items in an enumeration, and appositions, and to set off direct address or introductory elements.

The short hyphen used inside a word to join parts of a compound, mark a repeated word, or show an abbreviated form, as distinct from the longer dash between sentence parts.

A syntactic unit built around a single predicate that expresses one statement; several of them linked by coordination or subordination form a sentence.

A complex sentence made of two or more clauses linked by coordination or subordination, whose punctuation and connectors candidates must identify.

The grammatical agreement between sentence parts, especially subject and predicate in person and number, or adjective and noun in gender, number and case.

The grammatical category that classifies Romanian nouns as masculine, feminine or neuter, controlling adjective forms and article choice.

The word or ending that marks a noun's definiteness; Romanian attaches the definite article at the end of the noun and places the indefinite article before it.

A formal letter presenting who you are, why you apply for a place, course or job, and what you offer, written in a polite register with a clear structure.

A short formal request addressed to an institution, stating what is asked, the reason and the applicant's identification details, usually in a fixed layout.

The conventional opening or closing phrase of a letter, chosen by the relation between sender and receiver, such as a respectful greeting to an unknown official.

The level of language used in official and academic situations, marked by complete sentences, neutral vocabulary and avoidance of slang or colloquial shortenings.

A short public message giving practical information such as a change of schedule, a lost item or an event, organized so the essential facts come first.

A printed or digital document with labelled blank fields to be completed with personal or factual data, requiring attention to field names and required formats.

The rise and fall of the voice across an utterance, which distinguishes a statement from a question and signals emphasis or the speaker's attitude in oral interaction.

Spoken interaction between two or more participants who take turns, react to each other and adjust their register to the situation and the interlocutor.